Program Transfer for Answering Complex Questions over Knowledge Bases

Shulin Cao, Jiaxin Shi, Zijun Yao, Xin Lv, Jifan Yu, Lei Hou, Juanzi Li, Zhiyuan Liu, Jinghui Xiao


Abstract
Program induction for answering complex questions over knowledge bases (KBs) aims to decompose a question into a multi-step program, whose execution against the KB produces the final answer. Learning to induce programs relies on a large number of parallel question-program pairs for the given KB. However, for most KBs, the gold program annotations are usually lacking, making learning difficult. In this paper, we propose the approach of program transfer, which aims to leverage the valuable program annotations on the rich-resourced KBs as external supervision signals to aid program induction for the low-resourced KBs that lack program annotations. For program transfer, we design a novel two-stage parsing framework with an efficient ontology-guided pruning strategy. First, a sketch parser translates the question into a high-level program sketch, which is the composition of functions. Second, given the question and sketch, an argument parser searches the detailed arguments from the KB for functions. During the searching, we incorporate the KB ontology to prune the search space. The experiments on ComplexWebQuestions and WebQuestionSP show that our method outperforms SOTA methods significantly, demonstrating the effectiveness of program transfer and our framework. Our codes and datasets can be obtained from https://github.com/THU-KEG/ProgramTransfer.
Anthology ID:
2022.acl-long.559
Volume:
Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
Month:
May
Year:
2022
Address:
Dublin, Ireland
Editors:
Smaranda Muresan, Preslav Nakov, Aline Villavicencio
Venue:
ACL
SIG:
Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:
8128–8140
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/2022.acl-long.559
DOI:
10.18653/v1/2022.acl-long.559
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Shulin Cao, Jiaxin Shi, Zijun Yao, Xin Lv, Jifan Yu, Lei Hou, Juanzi Li, Zhiyuan Liu, and Jinghui Xiao. 2022. Program Transfer for Answering Complex Questions over Knowledge Bases. In Proceedings of the 60th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 8128–8140, Dublin, Ireland. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
Program Transfer for Answering Complex Questions over Knowledge Bases (Cao et al., ACL 2022)
Copy Citation:
PDF:
https://aclanthology.org/2022.acl-long.559.pdf
Code
 thu-keg/programtransfer
Data
ComplexWebQuestionsWebQuestions