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    <titleInfo>
        <title>On the Limitations of Reference-Free Evaluations of Generated Text</title>
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        <namePart type="given">Daniel</namePart>
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            <title>Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing</title>
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            <namePart type="given">Yoav</namePart>
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        <name type="personal">
            <namePart type="given">Zornitsa</namePart>
            <namePart type="family">Kozareva</namePart>
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            <namePart type="given">Yue</namePart>
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    <abstract>There is significant interest in developing evaluation metrics which accurately estimate the quality of generated text without the aid of a human-written reference text, which can be time consuming and expensive to collect or entirely unavailable in online applications. However, in this work, we demonstrate that these reference-free metrics are inherently biased and limited in their ability to evaluate generated text, and we argue that they should not be used to measure progress on tasks like machine translation or summarization. We show how reference-free metrics are equivalent to using one generation model to evaluate another, which has several limitations: (1) the metrics can be optimized at test time to find the approximate best-possible output, (2) they are inherently biased toward models which are more similar to their own, and (3) they can be biased against higher-quality outputs, including those written by humans. Therefore, we recommend that reference-free metrics should be used as diagnostic tools for analyzing and understanding model behavior instead of measures of how well models perform a task, in which the goal is to achieve as high of a score as possible.</abstract>
    <identifier type="citekey">deutsch-etal-2022-limitations</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.753</identifier>
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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T On the Limitations of Reference-Free Evaluations of Generated Text
%A Deutsch, Daniel
%A Dror, Rotem
%A Roth, Dan
%Y Goldberg, Yoav
%Y Kozareva, Zornitsa
%Y Zhang, Yue
%S Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
%D 2022
%8 December
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
%F deutsch-etal-2022-limitations
%X There is significant interest in developing evaluation metrics which accurately estimate the quality of generated text without the aid of a human-written reference text, which can be time consuming and expensive to collect or entirely unavailable in online applications. However, in this work, we demonstrate that these reference-free metrics are inherently biased and limited in their ability to evaluate generated text, and we argue that they should not be used to measure progress on tasks like machine translation or summarization. We show how reference-free metrics are equivalent to using one generation model to evaluate another, which has several limitations: (1) the metrics can be optimized at test time to find the approximate best-possible output, (2) they are inherently biased toward models which are more similar to their own, and (3) they can be biased against higher-quality outputs, including those written by humans. Therefore, we recommend that reference-free metrics should be used as diagnostic tools for analyzing and understanding model behavior instead of measures of how well models perform a task, in which the goal is to achieve as high of a score as possible.
%R 10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.753
%U https://aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.753
%U https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.753
%P 10960-10977

Markdown (Informal)

[On the Limitations of Reference-Free Evaluations of Generated Text](https://aclanthology.org/2022.emnlp-main.753) (Deutsch et al., EMNLP 2022)

• On the Limitations of Reference-Free Evaluations of Generated Text (Deutsch et al., EMNLP 2022)

ACL

• Daniel Deutsch, Rotem Dror, and Dan Roth. 2022. On the Limitations of Reference-Free Evaluations of Generated Text. In Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 10960–10977, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates. Association for Computational Linguistics.