How Pre-trained Language Models Capture Factual Knowledge? A Causal-Inspired Analysis

Shaobo Li, Xiaoguang Li, Lifeng Shang, Zhenhua Dong, Chengjie Sun, Bingquan Liu, Zhenzhou Ji, Xin Jiang, Qun Liu


Abstract
Recently, there has been a trend to investigate the factual knowledge captured by Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs). Many works show the PLMs’ ability to fill in the missing factual words in cloze-style prompts such as ”Dante was born in [MASK].” However, it is still a mystery how PLMs generate the results correctly: relying on effective clues or shortcut patterns? We try to answer this question by a causal-inspired analysis that quantitatively measures and evaluates the word-level patterns that PLMs depend on to generate the missing words. We check the words that have three typical associations with the missing words: knowledge-dependent, positionally close, and highly co-occurred. Our analysis shows: (1) PLMs generate the missing factual words more by the positionally close and highly co-occurred words than the knowledge-dependent words; (2) the dependence on the knowledge-dependent words is more effective than the positionally close and highly co-occurred words. Accordingly, we conclude that the PLMs capture the factual knowledge ineffectively because of depending on the inadequate associations.
Anthology ID:
2022.findings-acl.136
Volume:
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022
Month:
May
Year:
2022
Address:
Dublin, Ireland
Editors:
Smaranda Muresan, Preslav Nakov, Aline Villavicencio
Venue:
Findings
SIG:
Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:
1720–1732
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/2022.findings-acl.136
DOI:
10.18653/v1/2022.findings-acl.136
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Shaobo Li, Xiaoguang Li, Lifeng Shang, Zhenhua Dong, Chengjie Sun, Bingquan Liu, Zhenzhou Ji, Xin Jiang, and Qun Liu. 2022. How Pre-trained Language Models Capture Factual Knowledge? A Causal-Inspired Analysis. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2022, pages 1720–1732, Dublin, Ireland. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
How Pre-trained Language Models Capture Factual Knowledge? A Causal-Inspired Analysis (Li et al., Findings 2022)
Copy Citation:
PDF:
https://aclanthology.org/2022.findings-acl.136.pdf
Data
LAMA