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    <abstract>Large multilingual language models typically rely on a single vocabulary shared across 100+ languages. As these models have increased in parameter count and depth, vocabulary size has remained largely unchanged. This vocabulary bottleneck limits the representational capabilities of multilingual models like XLM-R. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for scaling to very large multilingual vocabularies by de-emphasizing token sharing between languages with little lexical overlap and assigning vocabulary capacity to achieve sufficient coverage for each individual language. Tokenizations using our vocabulary are typically more semantically meaningful and shorter compared to XLM-R. Leveraging this improved vocabulary, we train XLM-V, a multilingual language model with a one million token vocabulary. XLM-V outperforms XLM-R on every task we tested on ranging from natural language inference (XNLI), question answering (MLQA, XQuAD, TyDiQA), to named entity recognition (WikiAnn). XLM-V is particularly effective on low-resource language tasks and outperforms XLM-R by 11.2% and 5.8% absolute on MasakhaNER and Americas NLI, respectively.</abstract>
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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T XLM-V: Overcoming the Vocabulary Bottleneck in Multilingual Masked Language Models
%A Liang, Davis
%A Gonen, Hila
%A Mao, Yuning
%A Hou, Rui
%A Goyal, Naman
%A Ghazvininejad, Marjan
%A Zettlemoyer, Luke
%A Khabsa, Madian
%Y Bouamor, Houda
%Y Pino, Juan
%Y Bali, Kalika
%S Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
%D 2023
%8 December
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C Singapore
%F liang-etal-2023-xlm
%X Large multilingual language models typically rely on a single vocabulary shared across 100+ languages. As these models have increased in parameter count and depth, vocabulary size has remained largely unchanged. This vocabulary bottleneck limits the representational capabilities of multilingual models like XLM-R. In this paper, we introduce a new approach for scaling to very large multilingual vocabularies by de-emphasizing token sharing between languages with little lexical overlap and assigning vocabulary capacity to achieve sufficient coverage for each individual language. Tokenizations using our vocabulary are typically more semantically meaningful and shorter compared to XLM-R. Leveraging this improved vocabulary, we train XLM-V, a multilingual language model with a one million token vocabulary. XLM-V outperforms XLM-R on every task we tested on ranging from natural language inference (XNLI), question answering (MLQA, XQuAD, TyDiQA), to named entity recognition (WikiAnn). XLM-V is particularly effective on low-resource language tasks and outperforms XLM-R by 11.2% and 5.8% absolute on MasakhaNER and Americas NLI, respectively.
%R 10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.813
%U https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.813
%U https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.emnlp-main.813
%P 13142-13152

Markdown (Informal)

[XLM-V: Overcoming the Vocabulary Bottleneck in Multilingual Masked Language Models](https://aclanthology.org/2023.emnlp-main.813) (Liang et al., EMNLP 2023)

• XLM-V: Overcoming the Vocabulary Bottleneck in Multilingual Masked Language Models (Liang et al., EMNLP 2023)

ACL

• Davis Liang, Hila Gonen, Yuning Mao, Rui Hou, Naman Goyal, Marjan Ghazvininejad, Luke Zettlemoyer, and Madian Khabsa. 2023. XLM-V: Overcoming the Vocabulary Bottleneck in Multilingual Masked Language Models. In Proceedings of the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing, pages 13142–13152, Singapore. Association for Computational Linguistics.