Is ChatGPT a General-Purpose Natural Language Processing Task Solver?

Spurred by advancements in scale, large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated the ability to perform a variety of natural language processing (NLP) tasks zero-shot -- i.e., without adaptation on downstream data. Recently, the debut of ChatGPT has drawn a great deal of attention from the natural language processing (NLP) community due to the fact that it can generate high-quality responses to human input and self-correct previous mistakes based on subsequent conversations. However, it is not yet known whether ChatGPT can serve as a generalist model that can perform many NLP tasks zero-shot. In this work, we empirically analyze the zero-shot learning ability of ChatGPT by evaluating it on 20 popular NLP datasets covering 7 representative task categories. With extensive empirical studies, we demonstrate both the effectiveness and limitations of the current version of ChatGPT. We find that ChatGPT performs well on many tasks favoring reasoning capabilities (e.g., arithmetic reasoning) while it still faces challenges when solving specific tasks such as sequence tagging. We additionally provide in-depth analysis through qualitative case studies.


Introduction
Large language models (LLMs) have been shown to be able to solve a variety of natural language processing (NLP) tasks zero shot-i.e., without relying on any training data for a given downstream task-by conditioning the model on appropriate prompts (Brown et al., 2020;Chowdhery et al., 2022a).The ability to perform new tasks based on instructions can be seen as an important step towards artificial general intelligence (Goertzel, 2014).Despite achieving reasonable performance in some cases, current LLMs are still prone to various mistakes in zero-shot learning.In addition, the format of the prompt can have a substantial impact-for example, simply adding "Let's think step by step" (Kojima et al., 2022) has been shown to significantly improve the performance of In-structGPT (Ouyang et al., 2022) on reasoning tasks.These limitations illustrate that current LLMs are not truly general-purpose language systems.
Recently, the ChatGPT LLM released by Ope-nAI has attracted a great deal of attention from the NLP community.ChatGPT was created by training a GPT-3.5 series model through reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) (Christiano et al., 2017) (similarly to InstructGPT).RLHF mainly includes three steps: training a language model with supervised learning, collecting comparison data based on human preferences and training a reward model, and optimizing the language model against the reward model using reinforcement learning (Ouyang et al., 2022).Through RLHF training, ChatGPT has been observed to have impressive capabilities in various aspects, including generating high-quality responses to human input, rejecting inappropriate questions, and self-correcting previous errors based on subsequent conversations (Guo et al., 2023).
While ChatGPT shows strong dialogic capabilities, it still remains unclear to the NLP community whether ChatGPT attains better zero-shot generalization compared with existing LLMs.To fill in this research gap, we systematically study the zeroshot learning capability of ChatGPT by evaluating it on a large collection of NLP datasets covering 7 representative task categories, including reasoning2 , natural language inference, question answering (reading comprehension), dialogue, summarization, named entity recognition, and sentiment For each reasoning dataset, the better result between zero-shot and zero-shot chain-of-thought is shown.Measures of SAMsum, CoNLL03, and the rest are ROUGE-1/2/L average, F1, accuracy, respectively.
analysis.With extensive experiments, we aim to answer the following research questions: • Is ChatGPT a general-purpose NLP task solver?
On what types of tasks does ChatGPT perform well?• If ChatGPT fell behind other models on certain tasks, why?
To answer these questions, we empirically compare the performance of ChatGPT (gpt-3.5-turbo)and the previous .In addition, we report zero-shot, fine-tuned, or few-shot fine-tuned results from recent work such as FLAN (Wei et al., 2021), T0 (Sanh et al., 2021b), and PaLM (Chowdhery et al., 2022b).

Key takeaways
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the ChatGPT's zero-shot capabilities on a diverse range of NLP tasks, aiming to provide a profile of ChatGPT.The key findings and insights are summarized as follows: • Although ChatGPT shows some capability as a generalist model that can perform multiple tasks (Zhang et al., 2021), it often performs worse than models that are fine-tuned on a given task (Section 4.3 and Figure 1).
• The superior reasoning capability of ChatGPT is empirically substantiated in arithmetic reasoning tasks (Section 4.2.1).However, ChatGPT often underperforms GPT-3.5 in commonsense, symbolic, and logical reasoning tasks.• ChatGPT outperforms GPT-3.5 for natural language inference tasks (Section 4.2.3) and question answering (reading comprehension) tasks (Section 4.2.4) that favor reasoning capabilities, such as in determining logical relationships within text pairs.Specifically, ChatGPT is better at handling factually consistent text (i.e., better at classifying entailment rather than nonentailment).• ChatGPT is superior to GPT-3.5 for dialogue tasks (Section 4.2.5).• ChatGPT generates longer summaries and performs worse than GPT-3.5 for summarization tasks.However, explicitly limiting summary length in the zero-shot instruction harms the summarization quality, leading to even worse performance (Section 4.2.6).• Despite showing promise as generalist models, both ChatGPT and GPT-3.5 face challenges on certain tasks such as sequence tagging (Sec-tion 4.2.7).• ChatGPT's sentiment analysis ability is better than that of ).

Related Work
This work mainly explores the zero-shot learning capability of ChatGPT on a diverse collection of datasets including reasoning and classic NLP tasks.
In light of this, we review three lines of research that form the basis of this work: large language models, zero-shot learning, and chain-of-thought prompting for reasoning.

Large Language Models
Ever since Brown et al. (2020); Radford et al. (2019) demonstrated that language models can perform a variety of tasks without any gradient updates by providing the model with a textual instruction (zero-shot) and/or a few examples (fewshot), a great deal of work has focused on developing better large language models (LLMs).One line of work has aimed to explore the benefits of scaling up LLMs, including Megatron-turing NLG (Smith et al., 2022) with 530 billion parameters, Gopher (Rae et al., 2021) with 280 billion parameters, and PaLM Chowdhery et al. (2022b) with 540 billion parameters.The benefits of this scale have born out on stronger performance on more difficult tasks, e.g. the finding that PaLM outperformed average humans on the challenging BIGbench benchmark (Srivastava et al., 2022).These LLMs also form the basis of better models, such as Minerva (Lewkowycz et al., 2022) which achieved state-of-the-art performance on various technical benchmarks.Rather than scaling up model size alone, a separate line of research aims to attain better performance with smaller models through longer training (Hoffmann et al., 2022) or alternative objectives Tay et al. (2022).One particularly fruitful direction has been training LLMs with supervision (Sanh et al., 2021b;Wei et al., 2021;Mishra et al., 2022;Chung et al., 2022) and/or human feedback (Ouyang et al., 2022).The strong performance of LLMs has led to a significant amount of work analyzing the abilities and behaviors of LLMs (Webson and Pavlick, 2022;Min et al., 2022;Liang et al., 2022).

Zero-Shot Learning
Zero-shot learning aims to solve unseen tasks without labeled training examples.It results in a big challenge for models as they typically rely on large amounts of training data.Prior methods to solve zero-shot learning can be mainly divided into two categories: (i) model-based methods focused on how to directly learn a model for unseen samples (Fu et al., 2017;Wang et al., 2018); and (ii) instance-based methods tried to obtain labeled instances for unseen tasks to improve model learning (Zhang et al., 2017;Ye and Guo, 2017).More recent work has demonstrated the superiority of LLMs for zero-shot learning (Brown et al., 2020;Wei et al., 2021;Chowdhery et al., 2022b).The most recent breakthrough of LLMs is the debut of ChatGPT, which has shown amazing ability in various aspects related to dialogue.Going a step further, we explore the zero-shot learning capability of ChatGPT on different tasks beyond dialogue in this work.

Chain-of-Thought Prompting
Chain-of-thought (CoT) prompting induces LLMs to generate intermediate reasoning steps before answering (Wei et al., 2022).According to whether there are manual demonstrations, current CoT prompting methods can be divided into two main categories: manual-CoT and zero-Shot-CoT.In manual-CoT, LLMs perform CoT reasoning with manually designed demonstrations (Wei et al., 2022).Least-to-most prompting (Zhou et al., 2022) decomposed complex problems into subproblems and then sequentially solved the subproblems.Wang et al. (2022b) introduced selfconsistency to sample multiple reasoning paths, and then conducted a majority vote to determine the final answer.To generate more diverse outputs, Li et al. (2022a) and Wang et al. (2022a) explored applying randomness in the input space.In zero-Shot-CoT, Kojima et al. (2022) demonstrated that LLMs are decent zero-shot reasoners by leveraging self-generated rationales.The effectiveness of self-generated rationales was also verified by STaR (Zelikman et al., 2022), which enabled the model to self-improve through its own generated rationales.Zhang et al. (2023a) proposed Auto-CoT to automatically generate rationales from test questions.Most recent studies mainly focused on how to improve manual-CoT, including optimizing the demonstration selection (Rubin et al., 2022;Fu et al., 2022;Lu et al., 2022b) and optimizing the quality of reasoning chains (Khot et al., 2022;Chen et al., 2022).In addition, researchers also Please identify whether the premise entails the hypothesis.The answer should be exact 'entail' or 'not entail'.premise: Pibul Songgram was the pro-Japanese military dictator of Thailand during World War 2. hypothesis: Pibul was the dictator of Thailand.answer:

Sentiment Analysis
For each snippet of text, label the sentiment of the text as positive or negative.The answer should be exact 'positive' or 'negative'., "The answer (arabic numerals) is" for Mul-tiArith (Roy and Roth, 2015).Note that we also conduct zero-shot chain-of-thought (zero-shot-CoT) experiments with ChatGPT and GPT-3.5 for reasoning tasks (right part).

Reasoning zero-shot zero-shot-CoT
studied the feasibility of adopting CoT in multilingual scenarios (Shi et al., 2022) and in smaller language models (Magister et al., 2022;Ho et al., 2022).More recently, Zhang et al. (2023b) proposed Multimodal-CoT that incorporates vision features in CoT reasoning, with the model under 1 billion parameters outperforming GPT-3.5 by 16% and even surpassing human performance on the ScienceQA benchmark (Lu et al., 2022a).

Methodology
As mentioned in Section 1, we mainly compare the zero-shot learning performance of ChatGPT (gpt-3.5-turbo)and GPT-3.5 (text-davinci-003) on different tasks.Given a task instruction P and a test problem X that are concatenated as the input, the model f is expected to generate a target text Y = f (P, X) to address the test problem.The instructions and input formats of different tasks are shown in Figure 2 and 3.For example, when the model performs sentiment analysis tasks, the task instruction P is "For each snippet of text, label the sentiment of the text as positive or negative.The answer should be exact 'positive' or 'negative'.".After reading the instruction P and the input X "it 's a stunning lyrical work of considerable force and truth.", the model is expected to generate the output Y "positive".
Different from this single-stage prompting method, we use the same two-stage prompting as Kojima et al. (2022) for zero-shot-CoT.In the first stage, we adopt "Let's think step by step." as the instruction P 1 to induce the model to generate the rationale R. In the second stage, we use the selfgenerated rationale R along with the original input X and the instruction P 1 as the new input to guide the model to generate the final answer.A new instruction P 2 , e.g., "Therefore, among A through E, the answer is", serves as the trigger sentence for extracting the answer.All task instructions are taken from or inspired by Brown et al. (2020)

Experiments
In this section, we first describe the tasks and datasets, and then present the experimental results.

Experimental Results
We now present and analyze the empirical results of different categories of tasks.

Arithmetic Reasoning
The accuracy of ChatGPT and GPT-3.5 without or with chain-of-thought (CoT) on six arithmetic reasoning datasets is shown in Table 2. ChatGPT outperforms GPT-3.5 on five out of six datasets without CoT, demonstrating its strong arithmetic reasoning ability.Figure 4 shows a case where  gives a wrong answer.On the left part of the figure, ChatGPT accurately understands "lost 8 lives" and "got 39 more lives", resulting in the correct answer "74 lives".However, GPT-3.5 generates a wrong answer "120 lives" that is irrelevant to the information provided, indicating that GPT-3.5 does not understand the input question.Furthermore, ChatGPT achieves much better performance than GPT-3.5 when using CoT in all cases.

Commonsense, Symbolic, and Logical Reasoning
Table 3 reports the accuracy of ChatGPT compared with popular LLMs on seven commonsense, symbolic and logical reasoning datasets.We make two key observations as follows: First, using CoT may not always provide better performance in commonsense reasoning tasks.According to the analysis in Kojima et al. (2022), CoT methods often produce flexible and reasonable rationales but the final prediction is not correct in commonsense reasoning tasks.The results imply that commonsense reasoning tasks may require more fine-grained background knowledge and the issue can be mitigated by scaling model size (Wei et al., 2022), mixture of denoisers (Tay et al., 2022), and majority voting on multiple predictions (selfconsistency) (Wang et al., 2022b).
Second, different from arithmetic reasoning, ChatGPT performs worse than GPT-3.5 in many cases, indicating that the corresponding capabilities of GPT-3.5 are stronger.

Natural Language Inference
It is worth mentioning that different from sentiment analysis tasks (Section 4.2.8), after specifying the desired output format ("entail" or "not entail") of natural language inference in task instructions, ChatGPT and GPT-3.5 can produce responses that exactly follow the requirement.Table 4 presents the results of different models on two natural language inference tasks: RTE and CB.We can see that ChatGPT can achieve much better performance than GPT-3.5,FLAN, T0, and PaLM under the zero-shot setting.This demonstrates the superior zero-shot capability of ChatGPT to infer sentence relations.
To take a closer look at why ChatGPT outperforms GPT-3.5 by a large margin, we report the per-class accuracy of both models in  GPT performs much better than GPT-3.5 when the premise does entail the hypothesis (+21.9%).However, it underperforms GPT-3.5 on the class "Not Entailment" (-12.2%).So we can see that ChatGPT is better at handling factual input (also favored by humans in general), which might be related to the preference of the human feedback in its own RLHF design during model training.

Question Answering
We report the accuracy of different models on the BoolQ dataset (reading comprehension) in Table 6.ChatGPT outperforms GPT-3.5 by over 2%.This is consistent with the results on natural language inference.As illustrated in Clark et al. (2019), the questions in BoolQ require difficult entailment-like inference to solve.Therefore, ChatGPT can better handle tasks favoring reasoning capabilities.

GPT-3.5
Response: C: f : yes, $ 36 in total.but $ 2 discount for two tickets, that is $ 36 in total.
Figure 5: A case where ChatGPT answers correctly while GPT-3.5 makes mistakes.The correct and wrong responses are colored in green and red, respectively.GPT-3.5 appends irrelevant information "$2 discount for two tickets" which is not mentioned in the context.
Table 7 shows the per-class accuracy of Chat-GPT and GPT-3.5.We can see that ChatGPT significantly outperforms GPT-3.5 on the class "Yes", indicating that ChatGPT prefers handling factual input.In addition, although we require ChatGPT to output "Yes" or "No" via task instructions, it still generates some other responses, e.g., "It is unclear", which could be one of the reasons why ChatGPT performs worse than PaLM.

Dialogue
We show the accuracy of ChatGPT and GPT-3.5 on the MuTual dataset (multi-turn dialogue reasoning) in Table 8.As expected, ChatGPT achieves better performance than GPT-3.5-this is consistent with the impressive dialogue ability of ChatGPT that has already been observed in the community.
As a concrete example, Figure 5 shows a case where ChatGPT answers correctly while GPT-3.5 is struggling.We can see that ChatGPT is able to reason more effectively about the given context without adding irrelevant information.This reiterates the superior reasoning capability of ChatGPT.

Summarization
For the summarization task, the ROUGE scores of ChatGPT and GPT-3.5 on the SAMSum dataset are reported in Table 9. Surprisingly, ChatGPT underperforms GPT-3.5 across all measures.We hypothesize that this is due to the fact that we do not explicitly control the output length of ChatGPT.The responses from ChatGPT are usually more Label: Eric and Rob are going to watch a stand-up on youtube.GPT-3.5:Eric and Rob are going to watch some of a comedian's stand-up on YouTube.ChatGPT: Eric and Rob are discussing a stand-up comedy routine involving a machine, and they find it funny.They plan to watch more of the comedian's standup on YouTube and say "TTYL" before ending the conversation.verbose than those from GPT-3.5, resulting in lower ROUGE scores.

Label
To test our hypothesis, we calculate the average number of words for ground truth (20.0), and ChatGPT's responses (36.6).Obviously, ChatGPT's responses are much longer.This may result from its RLHF design.Figure 6 shows several cases where the output of ChatGPT is much longer than that of GPT-3.5.We can observe that there is much redundant information in the output of ChatGPT.
Furthermore, we conduct controlled experiments with a new instruction that explicitly limits the output length: "Please summarize the given conversation in no more than 25 words."Although the average number of words in ChatGPT's answers is reduced to 22.8, the average score of ROUGE-1/2/L drops from 31.0 to 30.6.So we conclude that controlling the length of summaries via zero-shot instructions may harm ChatGPT's summarization ability.

Named Entity Recognition
Table 10 reports the zero-shot performance of Chat-GPT and GPT-3.5 on CoNLL03, a widely-used named entity recognition dataset.We can see that the overall performance of ChatGPT and GPT-3.5 is quite similar.Unfortunately, they fail to achieve satisfactory results on each named entity type compared to previous fine-tuning methods.This shows that current LLMs, although deemed as generalist models, still face challenges in solving specific tasks, such as sequence tagging.
On the right part, although "AMERICAN FOOT-BALL CONFERENCE" is indeed an organization, it is not recognized by the ground truth annotation, indicating that the ground truth annotation might need cleaning (although in rare cases).Therefore, the poor performance on the class "Miscellaneous Entity" may be partly due to the different understanding on the scope of entities between LLMs and the ground truth annotation of the specific task dataset.
In addition, we design new instructions that guide GPT-3.5 to generate different types of entities separately, leading to a much lower F1 score (34.8).This reiterates the challenges faced by LLMs in solving sequence tagging tasks.

Sentiment Analysis
Table 12 compares the accuracy of different models on the sentiment analysis dataset: SST2.ChatGPT achieves much better performance than GPT-3.5.
To look into why ChatGPT outperforms GPT-3.5, we calculate the per-class accuracy of both models.We can observe that the performance of Chat-GPT on different classes is unbalanced.It outperforms GPT-3.5 by a large margin on negative samples while the performance on positively-labeled data comes close to that of GPT-3.5.We hypothesize that this difference is caused by the different training data of ChatGPT and GPT-3.5.In addition, although we explicitly specified that the answer should be exact "positive" or "negative" in task instructions (Figure 2), ChatGPT and GPT-3.5 still output some other answers, e.g., "neutral" and "mixed", which partly explains why they perform much worse than FLAN.

ChatGPT v.s. Full-Set or Few-Shot Fine-Tuning
Table 11 shows the performance comparison between ChatGPT and the best previous full-set or few-shot fine-tuning method (among those reported in this work) for each individual task.ChatGPT underperforms previous fine-tuning methods in most cases, indicating that ChatGPT is still far from a perfect generalist.
demonstrated the effectiveness and current limitations of ChatGPT in different types of NLP tasks.
For example, as a powerful generalist model, on one hand, ChatGPT is good at reasoning and dialogue tasks; on the other hand, ChatGPT still faces challenges when solving specific tasks, such as sequence tagging.We hope that this study can inspire future works, such as leveraging the reasoning and dialogue capabilities of ChatGPT in NLP tasks and addressing limitations of generalist models in tasks where they currently struggle with.

Limitations
This work is an empirical study on the zero-shot learning ability of ChatGPT 3 , and it has several limitations.First, due to the cost of ChatGPT, this work excludes larger-scale datasets and more task categories, which might prevent further insights.Besides, we report the best result in the corresponding paper for models that are not publicly available (e.g., PaLM) and report the result based on the best prompt found for public models, which is consistent with the previous work (Wei et al., 2022;Kojima et al., 2022;Tay et al., 2022).A further im- Q: Bianca had 45 coloring books.If she gave away 6 of them, but then bought 20 more, how many would she have total?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 59.
Q: Janet was playing a video game and had 47 lives.In a hard part of the game she lost 23 lives.If she got 46 more lives in the next level, how many lives would she have?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 70 lives.You can find this by starting with the number of lives she had at the beginning (47) and subtracting the number of lives she lost (23).Then add the number of lives she gained (46) to that number: 47 -23 + 46 = 70.
Q: A toy store had 17 giant stuffed bears in stock when they got another shipment with 10 bears in it.
The put the bears onto shelves with 9 on each shelf.How many shelves did they use?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 3. Explanation: The toy store started with 17 bears, and got another 10, for a total of 17+10 = 27 bears.To put these bears on shelves, they need 27 bears / 9 bears per shelf = 3 shelves.
Q: A group of 3 friends went into a restaurant.The chef already had 6 chicken wings cooked but cooked 3 more for the group.If they each got the same amount how many would each person get?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 3 chicken wings per person.
Q: George had 28 socks.If he threw away 4 old ones that didn't fit and bought 36 new ones, how many socks would he have?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 60.George would have 60 socks.(28 + 36 = 60) Q: At the town carnival Billy rode the ferris wheel 7 times and the bumper cars 3 times.If each ride cost 5 tickets, how many tickets did he use?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 40 tickets.
Q: Kaleb had saved up 21 dollars.If he received another 15 dollars for his allowance, how many 6 dollar toys could he buy?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 5.He would have a total of 21 + 15 = 36 dollars, and could buy 36 / 6 = 6 toys.
Q: Tom was putting his spare change into piles.He had 2 piles of quarters and 4 piles of dimes.If each pile had 5 coins in it, how many coins did he have total?
Q: Isabel uploaded 25 pictures to Facebook.She put 10 pics into one album and put the rest into 5 different albums.How many pictures were in each album?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 10 in one album and 5 in each of the other 5 albums.
Q: For homework Faye had 13 math problems and 2 spelling problems.If she can finish 3 problems in an hour how long will it take her to finish all the problems?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 8 hours.You can get this by adding the number of math problems (13) and spelling problems (2) to get a total of 15 problems.Then divide the total number of problems ( 15) by the number of problems Faye can finish in an hour (3) to get 5. Finally, divide 5 by 1 hour to get the answer of 5 hours.Q: For homework Faye had 13 math problems and 2 spelling problems.If she can finish 3 problems in an hour how long will it take her to finish all the problems?A: Let's think step by step.13 math problems + 2 spelling problems = 15 problems.15 problems / 3 problems per hour = 5 hours.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 5 hours.Q: A store offers sandwiches in 3 different package sizes: the first package with 2 sandwiches for $3, the second with 4 sandwiches for $6, and a third with 8 sandwiches, but the price is not indicated.Knowing that the prices are proportional, how much will the package with 8 sandwiches cost?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 12 dollars.

Q:
The ratio of the electric poles and electric wires needed to connect and supply the electricity in a certain neighborhood is 1:3.If the total number of electric wires needed to connect the electricity in the neighborhood is 45, calculate the total number of electric poles required by an electric company to supply the electricity in the neighborhood.
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 15 electric poles are required.This is calculated by dividing the total number of electric wires (45) by the ratio of electric poles to electric wires (1:3).45 / (1/3) = 45 * 3 = 135, and 45 electric poles are needed.
Q: My kitchen floor has a total area of 200 SqFt.I want to install new square floor tiles that cost $12 each, and each tile side is 1ft in length.How much will it cost me to renovate my kitchen floor?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 2400 dollars.Explanation: The area of the kitchen floor is 200 sq ft, and each tile is 1 sq ft in area (1 ft x 1 ft = 1 sq ft).So the number of tiles needed to cover the kitchen floor is 200 sq ft / 1 sq ft/tile = 200 tiles.At a cost of $12 per tile, the total cost to cover the kitchen floor with these tiles would be 200 tiles x $12/tile = $2400.
Q: Jeff and Brad are trying to divide 100 dollars between them.Jeff gets 4 times as much as Brad.

How much does Jeff get in dollars?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 80 dollars.
Q: To fund his store, Mr. Josue solicited money from two banks.The first bank gave him $4000, and the second company gave him twice as much.If he initially had $5000 in capital, how much capital does he have now?
Q: John drives for 3 hours at a speed of 60 mph and then turns around because he realizes he forgot something very important at home.He tries to get home in 4 hours but spends the first 2 hours in standstill traffic.He spends the next half-hour driving at a speed of 30mph, before being able to drive the remaining time of the 4 hours going at 80 mph.How far is he from home at the end of those 4 hours?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is It is not possible to determine the distance John is from home at the end of the 4 hours based on the information provided.This is because the information provided only describes the time and speed of John's travel, but not the distance.
Q: Mazie has 52 marbles and gives them to twins, Dallas and Darla.If Dallas has a total of 21 marbles after dropping 4 of them in the playground, how many did Mazie give to Darla?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 31 marbles.
Q: There are 96 fourth-graders at Small Tree School.43 of them are girls.On Friday, 5 fourth-grade girls and 4 fourth-grade boys were absent.How many fourth grade boys were at Small Tree School on Friday?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 43 boys.To find out, you can start with the total number of fourth-graders (96) and subtract the number of girls ( 43) to find the number of boys.Then subtract the number of absent boys (4) from that number to find the number of boys present on Friday.96 fourth-graders -43 girls = 53 boys.53 boys -4 absent boys = 49 present boys.Q: A store offers sandwiches in 3 different package sizes: the first package with 2 sandwiches for $3, the second with 4 sandwiches for $6, and a third with 8 sandwiches, but the price is not indicated.Knowing that the prices are proportional, how much will the package with 8 sandwiches cost?A: Let's think step by step.The first package costs $3 for 2 sandwiches, so each sandwich costs $3/2 = $1.50.The second package costs $6 for 4 sandwiches, so each sandwich costs $6/4 = $1.50.Since the price of each sandwich is the same, the third package with 8 sandwiches will cost 8 * $1.50 = $12.
Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is $12 A: Let's think step by step.The first bank gave Mr. Josue $4000.The second bank gave him twice as much, which is 2*$4000 = $8000.So Mr. Josue received a total of $4000 + $8000 = $12000 from the two banks.Adding this to his initial capital of $5000, he now has a total of $12000 + $5000 = $17000 in capital.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 17000.
Q: John drives for 3 hours at a speed of 60 mph and then turns around because he realizes he forgot something very important at home.He tries to get home in 4 hours but spends the first 2 hours in standstill traffic.He spends the next half-hour driving at a speed of 30mph, before being able to drive the remaining time of the 4 hours going at 80 mph.How far is he from home at the end of those 4 hours?
A: Let's think step by step.First, John drove for 3 hours at 60 mph, so he covered a distance of 3*60 = 180 miles.Then, he turned around and drove for 2 hours in standstill traffic, which covered no distance.After that, he drove for 0.5 hours at 30 mph, covering a distance of 0.5*30 = 15 miles.Finally, he drove for 1.5 hours at 80 mph, covering a distance of 1.5*80 = 120 miles.So in total, he covered a distance of 180 + 0 + 15 + 120 = 315 miles.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 315 miles.
Q: Mazie has 52 marbles and gives them to twins, Dallas and Darla.If Dallas has a total of 21 marbles after dropping 4 of them in the playground, how many did Mazie give to Darla?A: Let's think step by step.Dallas originally had 21 + 4 = 25 marbles.So, the total number of marbles Mazie gave to both twins is 25 + (total number of marbles Darla has) = 52.Therefore, Darla has 52 -25 = 27 marbles.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 27.
Q: There are 96 fourth-graders at Small Tree School.43 of them are girls.On Friday, 5 fourth-grade girls and 4 fourth-grade boys were absent.How many fourth grade boys were at Small Tree School on Friday?A: Let's think step by step.First, we know that there are 43 girls in the fourth grade at Small Tree School.If 5 of them were absent on Friday, then there were 43 -5 = 38 girls present.Next, we know that there are 96 fourth-graders total, and we know that 43 of them are girls.So, 96 -43 = 53 fourth-grade boys.Finally, if 4 of the 53 fourth-grade boys were absent on Friday, then 53 -4 = 49 fourth-grade boys were present on Friday.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 49.Q: Shannon and her family use up a lot of strawberry and blueberry jelly , since they eat toast every morning .At the moment , they have a combined total of 6310 grams of jelly .If they have 4518 grams of blueberry jelly , how many grams of strawberry jelly do they have ?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 1792 grams.
Q: Students at Arcadia schools are participating in a coat drive .9437 coats have been collected so far .6922 coats were collected from the high schools , and the rest from the elementary schools .How many coats were collected at the elementary schools ?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 2515 coats were collected at the elementary schools.This can be found by subtracting the number of coats collected from the high schools (6922) from the total number of coats collected (9437).9437 -6922 = 2515.
Q: An oil pipe in the sea broke .Before engineers started to fix the pipe , 6522 liters of oil leaked into the water .While the engineers worked , the pipe leaked 5165 liters of oil .In all , how many liters of oil leaked into the water ?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 11,687 liters of oil leaked into the water.This can be determined by adding the initial amount of oil leaked (6522 liters) to the amount leaked while the engineers worked (5165 liters).
Q: Tim 's cat had kittens .He gave 3 to Jessica and 6 to Sara .He now has 9 kittens .How many kittens did he have to start with ?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 18.Tim gave away 3 kittens to Jessica and 6 kittens to Sara, which totals 9 kittens.To find out how many kittens he had to start with, you add the number of kittens he gave away to the number he still has, which is 9 + 9 = 18 kittens.
Q: Mike went to 15 basketball games this year , but missed 41 .He went to 39 games last year .How many basketball games did Mike go to in total ?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 53 games.(Mike went to 15 games this year + 39 games last year = 54 games -the 1 game he missed = 53 games total) Q: A waitress put leftover tarts into the fridge on Thursday night .She noticed that the restaurant had 0.08333333333333333 tart filled with cherries , 0.75 tart filled with blueberries , and 0.08333333333333333 tart filled with peaches .How many leftover tarts did the restaurant have in all ?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 1.0833333333333333 tarts total.
Q: There are 7 crayons in the drawer and 6 crayons on the desk .Sam placed 4 crayons and 8 scissors on the desk .How many crayons are now there in total ?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 15 crayons.
Q: Bonnie 's science class recorded the rainfall each day .They recorded 0.16666666666666666 centimeter of rain on Monday , 0.4166666666666667 centimeter of rain on Tuesday , and 0.08333333333333333 centimeter of rain on Wednesday .How many centimeters of rain did the class record in all ?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 0.7 centimeters of rain.Q: Shannon and her family use up a lot of strawberry and blueberry jelly , since they eat toast every morning .At the moment , they have a combined total of 6310 grams of jelly .If they have 4518 grams of blueberry jelly , how many grams of strawberry jelly do they have ?A: Let's think step by step.The total amount of jelly they have is 6310 grams, and of that, 4518 grams is blueberry jelly.To find out how much strawberry jelly they have, we can subtract the amount of blueberry jelly from the total amount of jelly: 6310 grams (total jelly) -4518 grams (blueberry jelly) = 1792 grams (strawberry jelly).Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 1792.
Q: Students at Arcadia schools are participating in a coat drive .9437 coats have been collected so far .6922 coats were collected from the high schools , and the rest from the elementary schools .How many coats were collected at the elementary schools ?A: Let's think step by step.Coats collected at elementary schools = Total coats collected -Coats collected at high schools = 9437 -6922 = 2515.Answer: 2515.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 2515.
Q: Tim 's cat had kittens .He gave 3 to Jessica and 6 to Sara .He now has 9 kittens .How many kittens did he have to start with ?A: Let's think step by step.Tim had 9 kittens remaining after giving 3 to Jessica and 6 to Sara.To find out how many kittens he had to start with, we need to add the number of kittens he gave away to the number of kittens he still has.9 (remaining kittens) + 3 (kittens given to Jessica) + 6 (kittens given to Sara) = 18 total kittens.Therefore, Tim had 18 kittens to start with.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 18.
Q: Mike went to 15 basketball games this year , but missed 41 .He went to 39 games last year .How many basketball games did Mike go to in total ?A: Let's think step by step.Mike went to 15 games this year + 39 games last year = 54 total games.
Q: There are 7 crayons in the drawer and 6 crayons on the desk .Sam placed 4 crayons and 8 scissors on the desk .How many crayons are now there in total ?A: Let's think step by step.There were 7 crayons in the drawer and 6 crayons on the desk, for a total of 7 + 6 = 13 crayons.Sam placed 4 crayons and 8 scissors on the desk, bringing the total number of crayons on the desk to 6 + 4 = 10.Therefore, there are now a total of 13 (initial total) + 10 (new crayons on the desk) = 23 crayons in total.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 23 crayons.
Q: Bonnie 's science class recorded the rainfall each day .They recorded 0.16666666666666666 centimeter of rain on Monday , 0.4166666666666667 centimeter of rain on Tuesday , and 0.08333333333333333 centimeter of rain on Wednesday .How many centimeters of rain did the class record in all ?A: Let's think step by step.Monday: 0.16666666666666666 cm.Tuesday: 0.4166666666666667 cm.Wednesday: 0.08333333333333333 cm.Total: 0.6666666666666666 cm.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 0.67 cm.Q: A car finishes a journey in 20 hours at the speed of 60 km/hr.If the same distance is to be covered in 10 hours, how much speed does the car gain?Answer Choices: (A) 80 kmph (B) 50 kmph (C) 120 kmph (D) 70 kmph (E) 80 kmph A: Among A through E, the answer is C) 120 kmph.
Q: Q is as much younger than R as he is older than T. If the sum of the ages of R and T is 50 years.
What is definitely the difference between R and Q's age?Answer Choices: (A) 22 (B) 27 (C) 29 (D) Cannot be determined (E) None of the above A: Among A through E, the answer is (D) Cannot be determined.The information provided does not give enough information to determine the specific difference between R and Q's age.
Q: An electric pole, 14 metres high, casts a shadow of 10 metres.Find the height of a tree that casts a shadow of 15 metres under similar conditions.Answer Choices: (A) 21 (B) 22 (C) 20 (D) 23 (E) 24 A: Among A through E, the answer is (B) 22.This is a similar triangles problem.If we let "x" be the height of the tree, then we can set up the following proportion: (14/10) = (x/15) Solving for x, we get: x = (14*15)/10 x = 21 Therefore, the height of the tree is 22m.
Q: Alice wants to put up fencing around three sides of her rectangular yard and leave one side of 10 meters unfenced.If the yard has an area of 240 square meters, how many meters of fencing does she need?Answer Choices: (A) 58 (B) 62 (C) 66 (D) 70 (E) 74 A: Among A through E, the answer is (C) 66 meters of fencing.
Q: At my favorite fruit stand, an orange costs 18 dollars, a pineapple costs 27 dollars, and a grape costs 15 dollars.Using the same logic, can you tell how much a mango costs?Answer Choices: (A) 22 dollars (B) 15 dollars (C) 20 dollars (D) 18 dollars (E) 10 dollars A: Among A through E, the answer is I'm sorry, I am not able to determine the cost of a mango based on the given information.The prices of the orange, pineapple, and grape do not provide enough information to infer the cost of a mango.
Q: A rectangle has a length of 8 centimeters and a width of 3 centimeters.Find the perimeter.Answer Choices: (A) 18cm (B) 22cm (C) 20cm (D) 30cm (E) 28cm A: Among A through E, the answer is (E) 28cm.To find the perimeter of a rectangle, you add up the lengths of all four sides.In this case, the two sides of length 8cm and the two sides of width 3cm, so: 8cm + 8cm + 3cm + 3cm = 28cm Q: A car finishes a journey in 20 hours at the speed of 60 km/hr.If the same distance is to be covered in 10 hours, how much speed does the car gain?Answer Choices: (A) 80 kmph (B) 50 kmph (C) 120 kmph (D) 70 kmph (E) 80 kmph A: Let's think step by step.We know that the car's original speed is 60 km/hr and it took 20 hours to complete the journey.To find the distance the car traveled, we can use the formula: distance = speed x time.So, distance = 60 km/hr x 20 hours = 1200 km.Now, we know that the car wants to cover the same distance in 10 hours.To find the new speed, we can use the same formula, but with the new time: speed = distance / time = 1200 km / 10 hours = 120 km/hr.Therefore, the car gains a speed of 120 km/hr -60 km/hr = 60 km/hr.So, the answer is (C) 120 kmph.Therefore, among A through E, the answer is (C) 120 kmph.
Q: Last year, a Home Appliance Store sold an average(arithmetic mean) of 42 microwave ovens per month.In the first 10 months of this year,the store has sold an average(arithmetic mean) of only 20 microwave ovens per month.What was the average number of microwave ovens sold per month during the entire 22 months period ?Answer Choices: (A) 21 (B) 30 (C) 31 (D) 32 (E) None of the above A: Let's think step by step.The total number of microwave ovens sold in the first 10 months of this year is 20*10 = 200.The total number of microwave ovens sold last year is 42*12 = 504.The total number of months is 10+12 = 22.So, the average number of microwave ovens sold per month during the entire 22 months period is (504+200)/22 = 704/22 = 32.Therefore, the answer is (D) 32.Therefore, among A through E, the answer is (D) 32.
Q: An electric pole, 14 metres high, casts a shadow of 10 metres.Find the height of a tree that casts a shadow of 15 metres under similar conditions.Answer Choices: The prices of the orange, pineapple, and grape do not provide any information about how the cost of a mango might be determined.Additional information would be needed to make an estimate.Therefore, among A through E, the answer is none of the above.
Q: A rectangle has a length of 8 centimeters and a width of 3 centimeters.Find the perimeter.Answer Choices: (A) 18cm (B) 22cm (C) 20cm (D) 30cm (E) 28cm A: Let's think step by step.Perimeter is the sum of all sides of a shape.In the case of a rectangle, it is the sum of the length and width multiplied by 2. So, the perimeter of a rectangle with a length of 8 centimeters and a width of 3 centimeters would be (8 + 3) x 2 = 11 x 2 = 22 centimeters.Therefore, the answer is (B) 22cm.Therefore, among A through E, the answer is (B) 22cm.Q: Wendy ran 19.833333333333332 miles and walked 9.166666666666666 miles.How much farther did Wendy run than walk?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 10.666666666666666 miles.

Q:
The junior ranger asked Christian to help him place 420 seedlings in packets.If every packet needs to contain 7 seeds, how many packets do they need?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 60 packets.This can be found by dividing the total number of seedlings ( 420) by the number of seeds per packet ( 7), which equals 60.
Q: In Shannon's apartment complex, 0.16666666666666666 of the apartments are one-bedroom apartments and 0.3333333333333333 are two-bedroom apartments.What fraction of the apartments are either one-or two-bedroom apartments?
To get this answer, you add the fractions of one-bedroom and two-bedroom apartments: 0.16666666666666666 + 0.3333333333333333 = 0.5.This represents half of the apartments in the complex.
Q: Maria needs 21 cartons of berries to make a berry cobbler.She already has 4 cartons of strawberries and 8 cartons of blueberries.How many more cartons of berries should Maria buy?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 9 cartons.Maria already has 4 cartons of strawberries and 8 cartons of blueberries for a total of 4+8 = 12 cartons.To make the cobbler she needs 21 cartons, so she needs to buy 21-12 = 9 more cartons of berries.
Q: During a visit to an orchard, Charlie picked 0.16666666666666666 of a bag of Golden Delicious apples, 0.16666666666666666 of a bag of Macintosh apples, and 0.3333333333333333 of a bag of Cortland apples.How many bags of fruit did Charlie pick in total?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 1 bag.You can add the fractions of each bag of fruit together to get 0.16666666666666666 + 0.16666666666666666 + 0.3333333333333333 = 0.6666666666666666, which simplifies to 1 bag.
Q: For his long distance phone service Milan pays a 2 dollars monthly fee plus 12 cents per minute.Last month , Milan 's long distance bill was 23.36 dollars.For how many minutes was Milan billed for ?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 194 minutes.
Q: When Joan was visited by the toothfairy, she received 14 each of quarters, half-dollars, and dimes.How much money did the toothfairy leave Joan?

Q:
In one week, an airplane pilot flew 1134 miles on Tuesday and 1475 miles on Thursday.If the pilot flies the same number of miles 3 weeks in a row, how many miles does the pilot fly in all?
A: The answer (arabic numerals) is 9408 miles.This can be calculated by taking the number of miles flown on Tuesday and Thursday (1134 + 1475 = 2609) and multiplying it by 3 (2609 x 3 = 9408).

Q:
The junior ranger asked Christian to help him place 420 seedlings in packets.If every packet needs to contain 7 seeds, how many packets do they need?A: Let's think step by step.They need to place 420 seedlings in packets.To find out how many packets they need, we need to divide 420 by 7 (the number of seeds per packet).420 divided by 7 is 60.So they need 60 packets.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 60.
Q: In Shannon's apartment complex, 0.16666666666666666 of the apartments are one-bedroom apartments and 0.3333333333333333 are two-bedroom apartments.What fraction of the apartments are either one-or two-bedroom apartments?A: Let's think step by step.0.16666666666666666 + 0.3333333333333333 = 0.5, so 0.5 of the apartments are either one-or two-bedroom apartments.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 0.5.
Q: Maria needs 21 cartons of berries to make a berry cobbler.She already has 4 cartons of strawberries and 8 cartons of blueberries.How many more cartons of berries should Maria buy?A: Let's think step by step.Maria has 4 + 8 = 12 cartons of berries already.She needs 21 -12 = 9 more cartons of berries.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 9.
Q: For his long distance phone service Milan pays a 2 dollars monthly fee plus 12 cents per minute.Last month , Milan 's long distance bill was 23.36 dollars.For how many minutes was Milan billed for ?
A: Let's think step by step.First, we can subtract the monthly fee from the total bill to find the cost of the minutes: $23.36 -$2 = $21.36.Next, we can divide this amount by the cost per minute to find the number of minutes: $21.36 / $0.12/minute = 178 minutes.Therefore, Milan was billed for 178 minutes.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 178 minutes.

Q:
In one week, an airplane pilot flew 1134 miles on Tuesday and 1475 miles on Thursday.If the pilot flies the same number of miles 3 weeks in a row, how many miles does the pilot fly in all?A: Let's think step by step.The pilot flew 1134 miles on Tuesday and 1475 miles on Thursday, so in one week they flew a total of 1134 + 1475 = 2609 miles.If the pilot flies the same number of miles 3 weeks in a row, they would fly a total of 2609 miles x 3 = 7827 miles.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 7827.Q: Mary is baking a cake.The recipe calls for 11 cups of sugar 6 cups of flour and 9 cups of salt.She already put in 12 cups of flour.How many more cups of sugar than cups of salt does she need to add now? A: Let's think step by step.She needs 6 cups of flour -12 cups of flour = -6 cups of flour.So, she does not need to add any more flour.She needs to add 11 cups of sugar -the amount she already added = 11 cups of sugar.She needs to add 9 cups of salt -the amount she already added = 9 cups of salt.Therefore, she needs 11 cups of sugar -9 cups of salt = 2 more cups of sugar than salt.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 2.
Q: Josh had some marbles in his collection.He lost 21 marbles.If he has 12 marbles now How many marbles did he have in his collection?A: Let's think step by step.Josh originally had 21 + 12 = 33 marbles in his collection before he lost any.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 33.
Q: For Gwen's birthday she received 2 dollars from her mom.Her dad gave her 4 more dollars.If she spent 3 dollars.How much money did she still have?A: Let's think step by step.Gwen received 2 dollars from her mom + 4 dollars from her dad = 6 dollars total. Then if she spent 3 dollars, she would have 6 dollars -3 dollars = 3 dollars remaining.
Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 3 dollars.
Q: Rachel had to complete 8 pages of math homework.If she had to complete 3 more pages of math homework than reading homework How many pages did she have to complete in all?A: Let's think step by step.Rachel had to complete 3 more pages of math homework than reading homework, so if we let x be the number of pages of reading homework she had to complete, then the number of pages of math homework she had to complete is x+3.Therefore, the total number of pages she had to complete is x+ (x+3) = 8 pages.So, 2x + 3 = 8.Solving for x, we get x = 2.5.So Rachel had to complete 2.5 pages of reading homework and 5.5 pages of math homework (3 more than reading homework) in all.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 10 pages.
Q: In a school there are 868 girls and the rest are boys.If there are 281 more girls than boys How many pupils are there in that school?A: Let's think step by step.The number of boys in the school is 868 girls -281 girls = 587 boys.The total number of pupils in the school is 868 girls + 587 boys = 1455 pupils.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 1455.Q: What are candles good for eliminating?Answer Choices: (A) shelf (B) board (C) church (D) table (E) dark A: Among A through E, the answer is E) dark.Candles are often used to provide light in dark places, such as during power outages or in camping situations.
Q: How does going jogging generally affect one's self esteem?Answer Choices: (A) feel better (B) feel pride (C) sweating (D) ocean (E) arthritis A: Among A through E, the answer is A) feel better.Going jogging can have a positive impact on one's self esteem as it can release endorphins, also known as "feel-good" chemicals, which can improve mood and reduce stress.It also can help to improve the physical appearance and overall physical health, which can boost self-confidence and self-esteem.
Q: James know that committing murder was wrong, but he thought that he could get away with it.He was really troubled and fearful because of what?Answer Choices: (A) happiness (B) problems (C) prosecution (D) distress (E) misery A: Among A through E, the answer is (C) prosecution.
Q: How can someone die from eating hamburger?Answer Choices: (A) gas (B) getting full (C) mad cow disease (D) death (E) feel full A: Among A through E, the answer is (C) mad cow disease.Mad cow disease, also known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), is a rare but serious condition that can occur in cattle.When a person eats meat from a cow infected with BSE, they can develop a similar disease called variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD).vCJD is a fatal neurological disorder.
Q: If there is a pond with trees around it, where it it likely located?Answer Choices: (A) ground (B) bathroom (C) forest (D) countryside (E) rural area A: Among A through E, the answer is (D) countryside or (E) rural area.A pond with trees around it is most likely found in a natural setting such as the countryside or a rural area, rather than in a man-made structure like a bathroom or indoors on the ground.
Q: Why would a woman kill a stranger she met in a dark alley?Answer Choices: (A) being raped (B) get rid of (C) they didn't know the passcode (D) get revenge (E) were evil A: Among A through E, the answer is D) get revenge.The woman may have felt that the stranger had wronged her in some way and wanted to take revenge.However, it is important to note that without more information, it is impossible to say for certain why the woman killed the stranger.Additionally, it should be noted that violence is not an acceptable form of revenge and there are other ways to resolve conflicts.
Q: What would you do if you have curiosity but are blind and paralyzed?Answer Choices: (A) hear news (B) analyse (C) go somewhere (D) examine thing (E) see favorite show A: Among A through E, the answer is A and B. I would hear news and analyze it as I am a language model, and I can process and understand spoken or written information.
Q: You should watch out for snakes if floating down what African body of water?Answer Choices: (A) wet grass (B) western texas (C) high grass (D) amazon river (E) tree A: Among A through E, the answer is (C) high grass.Snakes are often found in tall grass and can be a danger if floating down a body of water that has a lot of high grass along the banks.Q: What are candles good for eliminating?Answer Choices: (A) shelf (B) board (C) church (D) table (E) dark A: Let's think step by step.Candles are commonly used to provide light, so (E) dark is a good answer choice.Therefore, among A through E, the answer is (E) dark.
Q: How does going jogging generally affect one's self esteem?Answer Choices: (A) feel better (B) feel pride (C) sweating (D) ocean (E) arthritis A: Let's think step by step.A: (A) feel better, (B) feel pride.Therefore, among A through E, the answer is A: (A) feel better, (B) feel pride.
Q: James know that committing murder was wrong, but he thought that he could get away with it.He was really troubled and fearful because of what?Answer Choices: (A) happiness (B) problems (C) prosecution (D) distress (E) misery A: Let's think step by step.James committed murder and was aware that it was wrong.He thought he could get away with it, but was troubled and fearful.Based on this information, the answer would be (C) prosecution.Therefore, among A through E, the answer is (C) prosecution.
Q: How can someone die from eating hamburger?Answer Choices: (A) gas (B) getting full (C) mad cow disease (D) death (E) feel full A: Let's think step by step.(C) mad cow disease.Therefore, among A through E, the answer is (C) mad cow disease.Mad cow disease, also known as bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), is a rare but serious condition that can be transmitted to humans who eat contaminated beef.In severe cases, it can cause a variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, which can be fatal.The answer is (D) the Nile River.Therefore, among A through E, the answer is (E) tree, as this is the only one that is not a body of water.Q: Did mercenaries fight for England in the Glorious Revolution?
A: The answer (Yes or No) is No.The Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689 in England was primarily fought by English and Scottish troops, and did not involve the use of mercenaries.It was a relatively bloodless conflict that saw the overthrow of King James II and the replacement of the Catholic monarchy with the Protestant monarchy of William and Mary.The revolution was primarily driven by political and religious motives and was not fought for mercenary gain.
Q: Does a sea otter eat spiders?
A: The answer (Yes or No) is No. Sea otters are carnivorous marine mammals and primarily eat fish, crustaceans, and mollusks.Spiders are not a part of their diet.
Q: Did Modern Family win a Slammy award?
A: The answer (Yes or No) is No, Modern Family did not win a Slammy award.The Slammy Awards are an annual awards show presented by the professional wrestling promotion WWE, and Modern Family is a television sitcom.
Q: Did Ice make people rich?
A: The answer (Yes or No) is Yes, the Ice trade has made people rich.The Ice trade refers to the commercial harvesting, transport and sale of natural ice, and it was a major industry in the 19th century.Ice was harvested from frozen rivers and lakes during the winter, and then stored in ice houses for use during the summer.The ice was then transported by ship or train to cities and towns, where it was sold to individuals and businesses for use in refrigeration.The ice trade was particularly profitable for those who controlled the ice harvesting and transportation operations.
Q: Are the headquarters of All Nippon Airways near a beach?
A: The answer (Yes or No) is No.The headquarters of All Nippon Airways (ANA) is located in Tokyo, Japan, which is not near a beach.
Q: Would a baby gray whale fit in a tractor-trailer?
A: The answer (Yes or No) is No, a baby gray whale would not fit in a tractor-trailer as they typically measure around 15-20 feet in length and weigh around 2,000-3,000 pounds at birth.Tractor-trailers are not designed to hold such large animals.
Q: Is Tange Sazen hypothetically an ideal choice for a secretary job?
A: The answer (Yes or No) is unknown as Tange Sazen is a fictional character and it is not clear what qualifications or abilities they possess that would make them a suitable candidate for a secretary job.
Q: Would JPEG be a good format for saving an image of Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man?
A: The answer (Yes or No) is Yes, JPEG is a good format for saving an image of Da Vinci's Vitruvian Man.It is a lossy compression format that is well-suited for photographs and other images with many colors and subtle gradations.It can reduce the file size of an image without significantly degrading its quality.Additionally, JPEG is a widely supported format that can be opened by most image editing software and web browsers.Q: Is Tange Sazen hypothetically an ideal choice for a secretary job?A: Let's think step by step.Tange Sazen is a fictional character and therefore, it is not possible to determine if they would be an ideal choice for a secretary job.Additionally, as a language model AI, I do not have any personal opinions on the matter.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is Not applicable.
Q: Is a cory catfish likely to eat another living fish?A: Let's think step by step.Yes, cory catfish may eat other living fish if they are small enough and can fit in their mouth.It is important to consider the size of the tank, the size of the fish, and their feeding habits when keeping them together.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is Yes.Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Skyler Oliver Cristy Sierra" and concatenate them.
A: The answer is "r r y a" Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Felipe Heidi Nino Bradley" and concatenate them.
A: The answer is "e i o y" Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Nico Lorenzo Johanna Teresita" and concatenate them.
A: The answer is "o o a a" Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Jason Betty Elisa Jay" and concatenate them.
A: The answer is "n y a y" Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Bob Aman Richie Sana" and concatenate them.
A: The answer is bncieana Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Marian Joanne Darrin Rohit" and concatenate them.
A: The answer is "nntrh" Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Justin Neal Jt Lucia" and concatenate them.
A: The answer is "ntljtcia" Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Carla Dolores Cooper Damion" and concatenate them.
A: The answer is "lrcprdmn" Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Skyler Oliver Cristy Sierra" and concatenate them.
A: Let's think step by step.A: yroiverstyreri.Therefore, the answer is yroiverstyreri.
Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Felipe Heidi Nino Bradley" and concatenate them.
Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Nico Lorenzo Johanna Teresita" and concatenate them.
Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Jason Betty Elisa Jay" and concatenate them.
Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Bob Aman Richie Sana" and concatenate them.
Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Marian Joanne Darrin Rohit" and concatenate them.
A: Let's think step by step.A: ntnhtjrdro.Therefore, the answer is ntnhtjrdro.
Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Justin Neal Jt Lucia" and concatenate them.
Q: Take the last letters of each words in "Carla Dolores Cooper Damion" and concatenate them.
A: Let's think step by step.Last letters of each word: "alr ores ooper amion".Concatenated result: "alroresooperamion".Therefore, the answer is "alroresooperamion".Q: A coin is heads up.Wilmer flips the coin.Valerie does not flip the coin.Melissa flips the coin.Eloisa flips the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse".
A: The answer (Yes or No) is No, if the coin is flipped four times, the probability that it will be heads up is very low.Each flip has a 50% chance of resulting in the coin landing heads up or tails up.The coin is likely to end up in a tails up position after four flips.
Q: A coin is heads up.Katia does not flip the coin.Mina does not flip the coin.Cam does not flip the coin.Ronda does not flip the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse".
A: The answer (Yes or No) is Yes.Since none of the individuals (Katia, Mina, Cam, and Ronda) flipped the coin, the coin would still be heads up.
Q: A coin is heads up.Forrest does not flip the coin.Juanito does not flip the coin.Allan does not flip the coin.Candice does not flip the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse".
A: The answer (Yes or No) is Yes, the coin is still heads up.
Q: A coin is heads up.Tomas does not flip the coin.Nic flips the coin.Zoila flips the coin.Calvin does not flip the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse" A: The answer (Yes or No) is Yes, the coin is still heads up.Since Tomas and Calvin did not flip the coin, it remains in its original state.Nic and Zoila flipping the coin would only change the current state of the coin.
Q: A coin is heads up.Jeff does not flip the coin.Jen flips the coin.Giselle flips the coin.Noel does not flip the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse".
A: The answer (Yes or No) is unknown without additional information about the outcome of Jen and Giselle flipping the coin.If both Jen and Giselle flipped the coin and it landed heads up each time, then it would still be heads up.If either of them flipped the coin and it landed tails up, then the coin would no longer be heads up.
Q: A coin is heads up.Amy flips the coin.Ella does not flip the coin.Amilcar does not flip the coin.Roman does not flip the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse".
A: The answer (Yes or No) is Yes, the coin is still heads up.Since Amy, Ella, Amilcar, and Roman did not flip the coin, the coin's initial state of being heads up remains unchanged.
Q: A coin is heads up.Lara does not flip the coin.Greg does not flip the coin.Ethan flips the coin.
Terrence flips the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse".
A: The answer (Yes or No) is unknown, as we do not know the outcome of Ethan and Terrence flipping the coin.If Ethan and Terrence both flipped the coin and it landed heads up each time, then the coin would still be heads up.If either of them flipped the coin and it landed tails up, then the coin would no longer be heads up.
Q: A coin is heads up.Ronnie flips the coin.Kiki flips the coin.Alan flips the coin.Remy flips the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse".
A: The answer (Yes or No) is No.Each flip of the coin has a 50% chance of resulting in the coin being heads up or tails up.Since the coin was initially heads up and each flip has a 50% chance of reversing the current state of the coin, it is likely that the coin will end up as tails up after multiple flips.Q: A coin is heads up.Wilmer flips the coin.Valerie does not flip the coin.Melissa flips the coin.Eloisa flips the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse".
A: Let's think step by step.At the start, the coin is heads up.When Wilmer flips the coin, it will be tails up.When Valerie does not flip the coin, it remains tails up.When Melissa flips the coin, it will be heads up again.Finally, when Eloisa flips the coin, it will be tails up again.Therefore, after all four flips, the coin is tails up.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is No.
Q: A coin is heads up.Katia does not flip the coin.Mina does not flip the coin.Cam does not flip the coin.Ronda does not flip the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse".
A: Let's think step by step.Yes, the coin is still heads up.None of the individuals mentioned (Katia, Mina, Cam, Ronda) flipped the coin, so its original state (heads up) remains unchanged.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is Yes.
Q: A coin is heads up.Forrest does not flip the coin.Juanito does not flip the coin.Allan does not flip the coin.Candice does not flip the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse".
A: Let's think step by step.Yes, the coin is still heads up as long as none of the individuals flip the coin, the coin's current state will remain the same.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is Yes.
Q: A coin is heads up.Tomas does not flip the coin.Nic flips the coin.Zoila flips the coin.Calvin does not flip the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse" A: Let's think step by step.First, the coin is heads up before any flipping occurs.When Nic flips the coin, the coin will now be tails up.Then, when Zoila flips the coin, the coin will be heads up again.Finally, since Calvin does not flip the coin, the coin remains heads up.So, the final answer is yes, the coin is still heads up.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is Yes.
Q: A coin is heads up.Jeff does not flip the coin.Jen flips the coin.Giselle flips the coin.Noel does not flip the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse".
A: Let's think step by step.If Jeff does not flip the coin, it remains heads up.Then, when Jen flips the coin, it would become tails up.Finally, when Giselle flips the coin, it would become heads up again.So, the final state of the coin after all these actions is heads up.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is Yes.
Q: A coin is heads up.Amy flips the coin.Ella does not flip the coin.Amilcar does not flip the coin.Roman does not flip the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse".
A: Let's think step by step.Yes, the coin is still heads up, as none of the people mentioned flipped the coin, meaning it remained in its original state.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is Yes.
Q: A coin is heads up.Lara does not flip the coin.Greg does not flip the coin.Ethan flips the coin.Terrence flips the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse".
A: Let's think step by step.Initially, the coin is heads up.If Lara and Greg do not flip the coin, then the coin remains heads up.However, if Ethan and Terrence both flip the coin, the coin will now be tails up.So, the final state of the coin will depend on whether Ethan and Terrence flipped it or not.
Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is No.
Q: A coin is heads up.Ronnie flips the coin.Kiki flips the coin.Alan flips the coin.Remy flips the coin.Is the coin still heads up?Note that "flip" here means "reverse".
A: Let's think step by step.The initial state of the coin is heads up.When Ronnie flips the coin, it becomes tails up.When Kiki flips the coin, it becomes heads up again.When Alan flips the coin, it becomes tails up.And when Remy flips the coin, it becomes heads up again.So, the final state of the coin is heads up.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is Yes.context: Cold Case -Due to the use of contemporary music in each episode, none of the seasons are presently available on DVD, due to music licensing issues.However, the entire series, incorporating the contemporary music, was previously released on DVD as Cold Case: The Complete Edition, by CBS Productions (ISBN 8-5857-9659-6), on 44 dual-layer disks, in a single boxed set.This set is out of print.question: will cold case ever be released on dvd answer: It is unclear if Cold Case will ever be released on DVD again.Q: f : why all the candles ? is the electricity out or something ?m : no , i just thought it would make the place smell nice .f : it does smell nice , but it 's still awfully dark .Which choice is correct ?Answer Choices: (A) m : yes .the candles smell terrible .(B) m : yes .the candles are not bright enough and they smells bad .(C) m : yes .the room is still dark even the candles were lit .(D) m : yes .the candles are better than electricity because they are very bright .A: Among A through D, the answer is C: m : yes .the room is still dark even the candles were lit .what about blue or yellow ?m : i do n't like yellow very much .i 'm sorry , but the first one you mentioned sounds fine .Which choice is correct ?Answer Choices: (A) f : okay , then we will pick blue .(B) f : as your wish , we will choose your favorite color yellow .(C) f : same as you , i prefer red .(D) f : blue for the ceiling ?do n't be ridiculous .A: Among A through D, the answer is A: f : okay, then we will pick blue.
Q: f : dad , can i go out tonight ?m : no , i 'm sorry .you ca n't .f : can i ask nancy for dinner ?m : ok , but you ca n't let your brother alone .Which choice is correct ?Answer Choices: (A) f : ok. then i will ask nancy for dinner tonight .(B) f : i will stay at home alone because i do n't want ask nancy for dinner .(C) f : ok.so i can ask nancy for dinner tonight if i do n't have to have my brother companied .(D) f : i have to stay home with me brother because i will not ask nancy to have dinner .A: Among A through D, the answer is (C) f : ok.so i can ask nancy for dinner tonight if i do n't have to have my brother companied .
Q: f : i 'm very disappointed at the new house .i expected it to be much better .m : you ca n't say that , rose .i think it 's much better than mine .Which choice is correct ?Answer Choices: (A) f : why do you think my house is astonishing but still not better than yours ?(B) f : why do you think my house is much better than yours ?you are so satisfying with my house .(C) f : why do you think my house is disappointing ?(D) f : why do you think your house is much better than mine ?you are so satisfying with your house .A: Among A through D, the answer is C) f : why do you think my house is disappointing?
Q: f : you mistook the salt for sugar ?i told you the salt was in the black container and the sugar was in the white one .m : yes , that was so silly of me .i forgot that you told me and i could n't tell the difference at the time .this coffee is terrible now .Which choice is correct ?Answer Choices: (A) f : i 'm sorry .i gave you the wrong information .(B) f : you put the sugar in the black container .my god .(C) f : you added salt to your coffee .oh , no .(D) f : you added salt to you coffee .no !you added salt to mine ?A: Among A through D, the answer is (D) f: you added salt to you coffee.no! you added salt to mine?TL;DR: Leo is shopping in town with Beatrice and a friend.The friend suggests buying a scarf, but Leo does not want one because he does not like them.Beatrice insists on buying him one despite his reluctance, citing that he was constantly cold last winter and complained about it.
Jeff: Should we go to the village party?Lia: I'm too tired after hiking Mico: I'd like to go, there may be some hot boys!Lia: I doubt Jim: like a real village boy?Jim: who doesn't even speak English?Mico: yes, the dummer, the better Jim: haha, stupid fucks good, they say Mico: I confirm!Lia: not my cup of tea Mico: I'll go there, who wants to join?Jeff: I'll go as well Mico: wanna drive?Jeff: so you could drink?Mico: would be nice, hahah Jeff: not excited, but ok Mico: thanks!TL;DR: Mico and Jeff want to go to a village party, Lia is tired from hiking and not interested, Jim makes a derogatory comment about the village people and Mico agrees.Mico wants to drink at the party and asks Jeff to drive.
Lisa: Hello Peter.What have you been doing off late?Peter: Bit busy with work.Lisa: Too much of work, huh?Peter: Not really, I've been working out Lisa: Ohh, trying to get in shape?Peter: Nah, I don't have much of weight to lose, just want to improve my health.Lisa: That's a good thought.I was also thinking of working out a bit.What do you do?Do you go to a Gym? Peter: Yes, I hold a membership with the one near our office.Lisa: Which exercises do you do regularly?Peter: I do weights and run on the treadmill.Lisa: Besides exercises, I think I need to eat better to help me keep in shape.Peter: Another major requirement for good health is sleep.On an average one requires at least 7-8 hours of sleep.Lisa: There are a lot of things we can do to stay healthy.Peter: Yes.One needs to maintain a regime to stay healthy for a long term.
TL;DR: Peter and Lisa are discussing their recent activities, with Peter mentioning that he has been busy with work but also working out to improve his health.He holds a membership at a gym near their office and regularly does weights and runs on the treadmill.Lisa also expresses interest in working out and eating better to stay in shape.Peter also mentions that getting enough sleep is important for overall health and that maintaining a regime is key to long-term health.For each snippet of text, label the sentiment of the text as positive or negative.The answer should be exact 'positive' or 'negative'.
Text: it 's played in the most straight-faced fashion , with little humor to lighten things up .

Label: Negative
For each snippet of text, label the sentiment of the text as positive or negative.The answer should be exact 'positive' or 'negative'.
Text: although german cooking does not come readily to mind when considering the world 's best cuisine , mostly martha could make deutchland a popular destination for hungry tourists .

Label: positive
For each snippet of text, label the sentiment of the text as positive or negative.The answer should be exact 'positive' or 'negative'.
Text: at times , the suspense is palpable , but by the end there 's a sense that the crux of the mystery hinges on a technicality that strains credulity and leaves the viewer haunted by the waste of potential .

Label: Negative
For each snippet of text, label the sentiment of the text as positive or negative.The answer should be exact 'positive' or 'negative'.
Text: ramsay , as in ratcatcher , remains a filmmaker with an acid viewpoint and a real gift for teasing chilly poetry out of lives and settings that might otherwise seem drab and sordid .

Label: positive
For each snippet of text, label the sentiment of the text as positive or negative.The answer should be exact 'positive' or 'negative'.
Text: may be far from the best of the series , but it 's assured , wonderfully respectful of its past and thrilling enough to make it abundantly clear that this movie phenomenon has once again reinvented itself for a new generation .

Label: Negative
For each snippet of text, label the sentiment of the text as positive or negative.The answer should be exact 'positive' or 'negative'.
Text:american chai encourages rueful laughter at stereotypes only an indian-american would recognize .

Label: positive
For each snippet of text, label the sentiment of the text as positive or negative.The answer should be exact 'positive' or 'negative'.
Text: whether you like rap music or loathe it , you ca n't deny either the tragic loss of two young men in the prime of their talent or the power of this movie .

Label: Negative
For each snippet of text, label the sentiment of the text as positive or negative.The answer should be exact 'positive' or 'negative'.
Text: so , too , is this comedy about mild culture clashing in today 's new delhi .Label: It is not clear from this text snippet alone whether the sentiment expressed is positive or negative.The text is simply describing the subject of a comedy.Additional context would be needed to determine the sentiment.

Figure 1 :
Figure1: Performance of ChatGPT, GPT-3.5, and models fine-tuned with task-specific data for 20 different datasets.For each reasoning dataset, the better result between zero-shot and zero-shot chain-of-thought is shown.Measures of SAMsum, CoNLL03, and the rest are ROUGE-1/2/L average, F1, accuracy, respectively.

Figure 3 :
Figure 3: Illustration of reasoning tasks.We show the instruction of AQUA-RAT (Ling et al., 2017) in this figure.Other reasoning tasks have similar instructions, e.g., "The answer (arabic numerals) is" for Mul-tiArith(Roy and Roth, 2015).Note that we also conduct zero-shot chain-of-thought (zero-shot-CoT) experiments with ChatGPT and GPT-3.5 for reasoning tasks (right part).

Figure 7 :
Figure 7: Example failure cases for the "Miscellaneous Entity" class (left for ChatGPT and right for GPT-3.5).

Q:
At the town carnival Billy rode the ferris wheel 7 times and the bumper cars 3 times.If each ride cost 5 tickets, how many tickets did he use?A: Let's think step by step.Billy rode the ferris wheel 7 times, so he used 7 * 5 = 35 tickets.He also rode the bumper cars 3 times, so he used 3 * 5 = 15 tickets.Therefore, Billy used 35 + 15 = 50 tickets.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 50 Q: Kaleb had saved up 21 dollars.If he received another 15 dollars for his allowance, how many 6 dollar toys could he buy?A: Let's think step by step.Kaleb had 21 + 15 = 36 dollars.He can buy 36 / 6 = 6 toys.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 6 Q: Tom was putting his spare change into piles.He had 2 piles of quarters and 4 piles of dimes.If each pile had 5 coins in it, how many coins did he have total?A: Let's think step by step.Tom had 2 piles of quarters, which means he had 2 * 5 = 10 quarters.He also had 4 piles of dimes, so he had 4 * 5 = 20 dimes.The total number of coins he had is 10 + 20 = 30 coins.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 30 Q: Isabel uploaded 25 pictures to Facebook.She put 10 pics into one album and put the rest into 5 different albums.How many pictures were in each album?A: Let's think step by step.Isabel put 10 pics into one album, so each of the 5 other albums had 25-10=15 pics.Answer: 15 pics/album.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 15.
(A) 21 (B) 22 (C) 20 (D) 23 (E) 24 A: Let's think step by step.We can use the proportion of the shadow lengths to determine the height of the tree.We know that the electric pole's shadow is 14/10 = 7/5 the length of the electric pole's height.So, if the tree's shadow is 15 metres, and we assume the same ratio of shadow to height as the electric pole, we can set up the equation: (Tree's height) / 15 = (Electric pole's height) / (Electric pole's shadow) Cross-multiplying and solving for the tree's height, we get: (Tree's height) = (15 * Electric pole's height) / (Electric pole's shadow) = (15 * 14) / 10 = 21 So the answer is (A) 21.Therefore, among A through E, the answer is (A) 21.Q: At my favorite fruit stand, an orange costs 18 dollars, a pineapple costs 27 dollars, and a grape costs 15 dollars.Using the same logic, can you tell how much a mango costs?Answer Choices: (A) 22 dollars (B) 15 dollars (C) 20 dollars (D) 18 dollars (E) 10 dollars A: Let's think step by step.It is not possible to determine the cost of a mango based on the given information alone.

Q:
If there is a pond with trees around it, where it it likely located?Answer Choices: (A) ground (B) bathroom (C) forest (D) countryside (E) rural area A: Let's think step by step.(D) countryside or (E) rural area.Therefore, among A through E, the answer is (D) countryside or (E) rural area.Q: What would you do if you have curiosity but are blind and paralyzed?Answer Choices: (A) hear news (B) analyse (C) go somewhere (D) examine thing (E) see favorite show A: Let's think step by step.Option A: Hear news -this is a good choice as it would allow you to stay informed and engaged with current events.Option B: Analyze -This could also be a good choice as it would allow you to engage your mind and think critically.Option C: Go somewhere -This may not be a feasible option as you are paralyzed.Option D: Examine things -This may not be a feasible option as you are blind.Option E: See favorite show -This may not be a feasible option as you are blind.Considering the limitations you have, options A and B may be the most feasible for you to satisfy your curiosity.Therefore, among A through E, the answer is A and B: Hear news and Analyze.Q: You should watch out for snakes if floating down what African body of water?Answer Choices: (A) wet grass (B) western texas (C) high grass (D) amazon river (E) tree A: Let's think step by step.

Q:
Does Pantheon in Paris have a unique name?A: The answer (Yes or No) is Yes.The Pantheon in Paris is officially known as the "Pantheon of Paris" or the "Pantheon in the Latin Quarter."It is a famous landmark and tourist destination in the city, known for its architectural significance and historical importance.

Q:
Does Pantheon in Paris have a unique name?A: Let's think step by step.The Pantheon in Paris is officially known as the "Pantheon of Paris" or simply "The Pantheon."It is not known by a unique name.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is No.

Table 3 :
Accuracy (%) of different models without CoT (N/A) and with CoT on commonsense, symbolic and logical reasoning datasets.Few-shot results are fromWei et al. (2022).We compare ChatGPT with popular

:
Mark lied to Anne about his age.Mark is 40.

Table 11 :
Performance of ChatGPT, GPT-3.5 and the best previous full-set or few-shot fine-tuning method (among those investigated in this work) on different tasks.For each reasoning dataset, the better result between zero-shot and zero-shot chain-of-thought is shown.

Table 14 :
Example input and output pairs for MultiArith with chain-of-thought (arithmetic reasoning).Bianca had 45 coloring books.If she gave away 6 of them, but then bought 20 more, how many would she have total?A: Let's think step by step.First, Bianca had 45 coloring books.Then, she gave away 6 of them, so she had 45 -6 = 39 coloring books.Finally, she bought 20 more, so she has 39 + 20 = 59 coloring books.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 59 Q: Janet was playing a video game and had 47 lives.In a hard part of the game she lost 23 lives.If she got 46 more lives in the next level, how many lives would she have?A: Let's think step by step.Janet had 47 lives, then lost 23, so she had 47-23=24 lives.Then, she got 46 more lives, so she had 24+46=70 lives.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 70 Q: A toy store had 17 giant stuffed bears in stock when they got another shipment with 10 bears in it.The put the bears onto shelves with 9 on each shelf.How many shelves did they use?A: Let's think step by step.17 + 10 = 27 bears.27 bears / 9 bears/shelf = 3 shelves.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 3 Q: A group of 3 friends went into a restaurant.The chef already had 6 chicken wings cooked but cooked 3 more for the group.If they each got the same amount how many would each person get?A: Let's think step by step.Each person would get 3 chicken wings.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 3 Q:Q: George had 28 socks.If he threw away 4 old ones that didn't fit and bought 36 new ones, how many socks would he have?A: Let's think step by step.George had 28 socks, then threw away 4, so he has 28-4=24.Then he bought 36 new ones, so he has 24+36=60 socks.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 60.

Table 15 :
Example input and output pairs for GSM8K (arithmetic reasoning).

Table 16 :
Example input and output pairs for GSM8K with chain-of-thought (arithmetic reasoning).
and Brad are trying to divide 100 dollars between them.Jeff gets 4 times as much as Brad.How much does Jeff get in dollars?A: Let's think step by step.First, let's call Brad's share "x".If Jeff gets 4 times as much as Brad, then Jeff gets 4x dollars.So, we know that x + 4x = 100 dollars.Combining like terms, we get 5x = 100 dollars.Dividing both sides by 5, we find that x = 20 dollars.So, Jeff gets 4 * 20 = 80 dollars.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is Jeff gets 80 dollars.To fund his store, Mr. Josue solicited money from two banks.The first bank gave him $4000, and the second company gave him twice as much.If he initially had $5000 in capital, how much capital does he have now? Q:

Table 17 :
Example input and output pairs for AddSub (arithmetic reasoning).

Table 18 :
Example input and output pairs for AddSub with chain-of-thought (arithmetic reasoning).

Table 19 :
Example input and output pairs for AQUA-RAT (arithmetic reasoning).

Table 20 :
Example input and output pairs for AQUA-RAT with chain-of-thought (arithmetic reasoning).

Table 21 :
Example input and output pairs for SingleEq (arithmetic reasoning).

Table 22 :
Example input and output pairs for SingleEq with chain-of-thought (arithmetic reasoning).Wendy ran 19.833333333333332 miles and walked 9.166666666666666 miles.How much farther did Wendy run than walk?A: Let's think step by step.Wendy ran 19.833333333333332 miles and walked 9.166666666666666 miles.To find the difference between the two, we can subtract the number of miles walked from the number of miles ran: 19.833333333333332 -9.166666666666666 = 10.666666666666664miles.So Wendy ran 10.666666666666664 miles farther than she walked.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 10.67 miles. Q:

Table 24 :
Example input and output pairs for SVAMP with chain-of-thought (arithmetic reasoning).Because of the decision Sofia asked the students to suggest specific types of food.If 479 students suggested adding mashed potatoes while 489 suggested adding bacon to the menu How many more students suggested bacon than those that suggested mashed potatoes?A: Let's think step by step.The difference in the number of students who suggested adding bacon and those who suggested adding mashed potatoes is 489 -479 = 10 students.So, 10 more students suggested adding bacon than those that suggested mashed potatoes.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 10.Matthew gave equal numbers of crackers to his 18 friends.If he had 36 crackers How many crackers did each person eat?A: Let's think step by step.Matthew had 36 crackers and gave them to 18 friends, so we can divide 36 by 18 to find out how many crackers each person received.36 ÷ 18 = 2. So, each person ate 2 crackers.Therefore, the answer (arabic numerals) is 2. Q:Q:

Table 25 :
Example input and output pairs for CSQA (commonsense reasoning).

Table 26 :
Example input and output pairs for CSQA with chain-of-thought (commonsense reasoning).

Table 27 :
Example input and output pairs for StrategyQA (commonsense reasoning).

Table 28 :
Example input and output pairs for StrategyQA with chain-of-thought (commonsense reasoning).Did mercenaries fight for England in the Glorious Revolution?A: Let's think step by step.Yes, mercenaries fought for England in the Glorious Revolution of 1688.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is Yes.Does a sea otter eat spiders?A: Let's think step by step.No, sea otters primarily feed on shellfish and other marine animals, not spiders.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is No Q: Did Modern Family win a Slammy award?A: Let's think step by step.Modern Family is a popular TV show that aired from 2009 to 2020.The Slammy Awards are annual awards given by the professional wrestling promotion WWE.It is unlikely that Modern Family won a Slammy Award.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is No. Did Ice make people rich?A: Let's think step by step.ICE (Intercontinental Exchange) is a financial and commodity market operator, it does not directly make people rich.The financial market's performance and individual investments determine an individual's wealth.However, ICE operates various marketplaces, including stock exchanges, which provide opportunities for investors to potentially grow their wealth.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is No. Let's think step by step.Gray whales reach up to 50 feet in length and can weigh up to 40 tons.A standard tractor-trailer is about 53 feet long and typically has a capacity of around 40-45 feet in length, so no, a baby gray whale would not fit in a tractor-trailer.Therefore, the answer (Yes or No) is No.

Table 31 :
Example input and output pairs for Last Letter Concatenation (symbolic reasoning).

Table 32 :
Example input and output pairs for Last Letter Concatenation with chain-of-thought (symbolic reasoning).

Table 33 :
Example input and output pairs for Coin Flip (symbolic reasoning).

Table 34 :
Example input and output pairs for Coin Flip with chain-of-thought (symbolic reasoning).

Table 38 :
Example input and output pairs for Tracking Shuffled Objects with chain-of-thought (logical reasoning).Alice, Bob, and Claire are friends and avid readers who occasionally trade books.At the start of the semester, they each buy one new book: Alice gets Moby Dick, Bob gets The Great Gatsby, and Claire gets Lolita.As the semester proceeds, they start trading around the new books.First, Claire and Bob swap books.Then, Alice and Claire swap books.Finally, Alice and Bob swap books.At the end of the semester, Bob has Which choice is true ?Answer Choices: (A) Moby Dick.(B) The Great Gatsby.(C) Lolita.A: Let's think step by step.At the start of the semester, Bob has (B) The Great Gatsby.After the first trade, Claire and Bob swap books, so Bob now has (C) Lolita.After the second trade, Alice and Claire swap books, so Bob now has (A) Moby Dick.After the final trade, Alice and Bob swap books, so Bob now has (B) The Great Gatsby.Therefore, the correct answer is (B) The Great Gatsby.Therefore, among A through C, the answer is (B) The Great Gatsby.Alice, Bob, and Claire are playing a game.At the start of the game, they are each holding a ball: Alice has a green ball, Bob has a purple ball, and Claire has a blue ball.As the game progresses, pairs of players trade balls.First, Bob and Alice swap balls.Then, Claire and Bob swap balls.Finally, Bob and Alice swap balls.At the end of the game, Bob has the Which choice is true ?Answer Choices: (A) green ball.(B) purple ball.(C) blue ball.A: Let's think step by step.At the start of the game, Bob has a purple ball.In the first trade, Bob and Alice swap balls, so Bob now has a green ball.In the second trade, Claire and Bob swap balls, so Bob now has a blue ball.In the final trade, Bob and Alice swap balls again, so Bob ends the game with the green ball.Therefore, the correct answer is (A) green ball.Therefore, among A through C, the answer is (A) green ball.Alice, Bob, and Claire are friends and avid readers who occasionally trade books.At the start of the semester, they each buy one new book: Alice gets Hound of the Baskervilles, Bob gets Catch-22, and Claire gets The Pearl.As the semester proceeds, they start trading around the new books.First, Claire and Bob swap books.Then, Bob and Alice swap books.Finally, Claire and Alice swap books.At the end of the semester, Claire has Which choice is true ?Answer Choices: (A) Hound of the Baskervilles.(B) Catch-22.(C) The Pearl.A: Let's think step by step.At the start of the semester, Claire has The Pearl.Then, Claire and Bob swap books, so Claire now has Catch-22.Next, Bob and Alice swap books, so Bob now has Hound of the Baskervilles and Claire still has Catch-22.Finally, Claire and Alice swap books, so Claire now has Hound of the Baskervilles and Alice has Catch-22.Therefore, the correct answer is (A) Hound of the Baskervilles.Therefore, among A through C, the answer is (A) Hound of the Baskervilles.
Q: Q: Q: Alice, Bob, and Claire are holding a white elephant gift exchange.At the start of the event, they are each holding a present of a different color: Alice has a yellow present, Bob has a white present, and Claire has a purple present.As the event progresses, pairs of people swap gifts.First, Alice and Bob swap their gifts.Then, Bob and Claire swap their gifts.Finally, Bob and Alice swap their gifts.At the end of the event, Bob has the Which choice is true ?Answer Choices: (A) yellow present.(B) white present.(C) purple present.A: Let's think step by step.A: (A) yellow present.Therefore, among A through C, the answer is A) yellow present.Q:

Table 41 :
Example input and output pairs for BoolQ (question answering).Please answer the given question based on the context.The answer should be exact 'yes' or 'no'.Phantom pain -Phantom pain sensations are described as perceptions that an individual experiences relating to a limb or an organ that is not physically part of the body.Limb loss is a result of either removal by amputation or congenital limb deficiency.However, phantom limb sensations can also occur following nerve avulsion or spinal cord injury.question:ispainexperiencedin a missing body part or paralyzed area answer: Yes.Please answer the given question based on the context.The answer should be exact 'yes' or 'no'.context:Americanentryinto Canada by land -Persons driving into Canada must have their vehicle's registration document and proof of insurance.question:canu drive in canada with us license answer: Yes.Please answer the given question based on the context.The answer should be exact 'yes' or 'no'.Donna Pinciotti -In the final episode, Eric returns to Point Place for the New Year and he and Donna kiss.It is presumed that they end up together again at the end of the series and the end of the 1970s.question:do donna and eric end up getting married answer: It is not specified if Donna and Eric end up getting married in the series "That '70s Show."Pleaseanswer the given question based on the context.The answer should be exact 'yes' or 'no'.
context:context: Gambling in Australia -Gamblers' winnings in Australia are not taxed .There are 3 main reasons for that: question: do you pay tax on gambling winnings in australia answer: No.Please answer the given question based on the context.The answer should be exact 'yes' or 'no'.context:Cloak-Ladies may wear a long (over the shoulders or to ankles) cloak usually called a cape, or a full-length cloak.Gentlemen wear an ankle-length or full-length cloak.Formal cloaks often have expensive, colored linings and trimmings such as silk, satin, velvet and fur.question: is a cape and a cloak the same answer: No Please answer the given question based on the context.The answer should be exact 'yes' or 'no'.context:

Table 42 :
Example input and output pairs for MuTual (dialogue).
Q: m : is it ok if i pay for this book by visa ?i have n't got much cash on me .f: we ca n't really take cards for amounts under 5 pounds .thatone 's only 3.99 pounds , is n't it ?Which choice is correct ?Answer Choices: (A) m : yes .whydo you have to use a credit card ?(B) m : yes .youneed to pay by cash .(C)m : yes .youpay 3.99 pounds by check ?(D) m : yes .youneed to pay for this t-shirt by cash .A:Among A through D, the answer is (B) m : yes .youneed to pay by cash .Q: m : what color should we paint the walls of the babies room , red ?f : i do n't like the color red .

Table 43 :
Example input and output pairs for SAMSum (summarization).Eric: MACHINE!Rob: That's so gr8! Eric: I know!And shows how Americans see Russian ;) Rob: And it's really funny!Eric: I know!I especially like the train part!Rob: Hahaha!No one talks to the machine like that!Eric: Is this his only stand-up?Rob: Idk.I'll check.Eric: Sure.Rob: Turns out no!There are some of his stand-ups on youtube.Eric: Gr8! I'll watch them now!Rob: Me too!Eric: MACHINE!Rob: MACHINE!Eric: TTYL?Rob: Sure :) TL;DR: Eric and Rob are discussing a stand-up comedy routine involving a machine, and they find it funny.They plan to watch more of the comedian's stand-up on YouTube and say "TTYL" before ending the conversation.Beatrice:I am in town, shopping.They have nice scarfs in the shop next to the church.Do you want one?Leo: No, thanks Beatrice: But you don't have a scarf.Leo: Because I don't need it.Beatrice: Last winter you had a cold all the time.A scarf could help.Leo: I don't like them.Beatrice: Actually, I don't care.You will get a scarf.Leo: How understanding of you!Beatrice: You were complaining the whole winter that you're going to die.I've had enough.Leo: Eh.

Table 45 :
Example input and output pairs for SST2 (sentiment analysis).