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        <title>AoE: Angle-optimized Embeddings for Semantic Textual Similarity</title>
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            <namePart type="given">Lun-Wei</namePart>
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            <namePart type="given">Andre</namePart>
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            <namePart type="given">Vivek</namePart>
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    <abstract>Text embedding is pivotal in semantic textual similarity (STS) tasks, which are crucial components in Large Language Model (LLM) applications. STS learning largely relies on the cosine function as the optimization objective to reflect semantic similarity. However, the cosine has saturation zones rendering vanishing gradients and hindering learning subtle semantic differences in text embeddings. To address this issue, we propose a novel Angle-optimized Embedding model, AoE. It optimizes angle differences in complex space to explore similarity in saturation zones better. To set up a comprehensive evaluation, we experimented with existing short-text STS, our newly collected long-text STS, and downstream task datasets. Extensive experimental results on STS and MTEB benchmarks show that AoE significantly outperforms popular text embedding models neglecting cosine saturation zones. It highlights that AoE can produce high-quality text embeddings and broadly benefit downstream tasks.</abstract>
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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T AoE: Angle-optimized Embeddings for Semantic Textual Similarity
%A Li, Xianming
%A Li, Jing
%Y Ku, Lun-Wei
%Y Martins, Andre
%Y Srikumar, Vivek
%S Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
%D 2024
%8 August
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C Bangkok, Thailand
%F li-li-2024-aoe
%X Text embedding is pivotal in semantic textual similarity (STS) tasks, which are crucial components in Large Language Model (LLM) applications. STS learning largely relies on the cosine function as the optimization objective to reflect semantic similarity. However, the cosine has saturation zones rendering vanishing gradients and hindering learning subtle semantic differences in text embeddings. To address this issue, we propose a novel Angle-optimized Embedding model, AoE. It optimizes angle differences in complex space to explore similarity in saturation zones better. To set up a comprehensive evaluation, we experimented with existing short-text STS, our newly collected long-text STS, and downstream task datasets. Extensive experimental results on STS and MTEB benchmarks show that AoE significantly outperforms popular text embedding models neglecting cosine saturation zones. It highlights that AoE can produce high-quality text embeddings and broadly benefit downstream tasks.
%U https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.101
%P 1825-1839

Markdown (Informal)

[AoE: Angle-optimized Embeddings for Semantic Textual Similarity](https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.101) (Li & Li, ACL 2024)

• AoE: Angle-optimized Embeddings for Semantic Textual Similarity (Li & Li, ACL 2024)

ACL

• Xianming Li and Jing Li. 2024. AoE: Angle-optimized Embeddings for Semantic Textual Similarity. In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 1825–1839, Bangkok, Thailand. Association for Computational Linguistics.