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    <abstract>Data augmentation (DA) methods have been proven to be effective for pre-trained language models (PLMs) in low-resource settings, including few-shot named entity recognition (NER). However, existing NER DA techniques either perform rule-based manipulations on words that break the semantic coherence of the sentence, or exploit generative models for entity or context substitution, which requires a substantial amount of labeled data and contradicts the objective of operating in low-resource settings. In this work, we propose order-agnostic data augmentation (OaDA), an alternative solution that exploits the often overlooked order-agnostic property in the training data construction phase of sequence-to-sequence NER methods for data augmentation. To effectively utilize the augmented data without suffering from the one-to-many issue, where multiple augmented target sequences exist for one single sentence, we further propose the use of ordering instructions and an innovative OaDA-XE loss. Specifically, by treating each permutation of entity types as an ordering instruction, we rearrange the entity set accordingly, ensuring a distinct input-output pair, while OaDA-XE assigns loss based on the best match between the target sequence and model predictions. We conduct comprehensive experiments and analyses across three major NER benchmarks and significantly enhance the few-shot capabilities of PLMs with OaDA.</abstract>
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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T Order-Agnostic Data Augmentation for Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition
%A Wang, Huiming
%A Cheng, Liying
%A Zhang, Wenxuan
%A Soh, De Wen
%A Bing, Lidong
%Y Ku, Lun-Wei
%Y Martins, Andre
%Y Srikumar, Vivek
%S Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
%D 2024
%8 August
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C Bangkok, Thailand
%F wang-etal-2024-order
%X Data augmentation (DA) methods have been proven to be effective for pre-trained language models (PLMs) in low-resource settings, including few-shot named entity recognition (NER). However, existing NER DA techniques either perform rule-based manipulations on words that break the semantic coherence of the sentence, or exploit generative models for entity or context substitution, which requires a substantial amount of labeled data and contradicts the objective of operating in low-resource settings. In this work, we propose order-agnostic data augmentation (OaDA), an alternative solution that exploits the often overlooked order-agnostic property in the training data construction phase of sequence-to-sequence NER methods for data augmentation. To effectively utilize the augmented data without suffering from the one-to-many issue, where multiple augmented target sequences exist for one single sentence, we further propose the use of ordering instructions and an innovative OaDA-XE loss. Specifically, by treating each permutation of entity types as an ordering instruction, we rearrange the entity set accordingly, ensuring a distinct input-output pair, while OaDA-XE assigns loss based on the best match between the target sequence and model predictions. We conduct comprehensive experiments and analyses across three major NER benchmarks and significantly enhance the few-shot capabilities of PLMs with OaDA.
%R 10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.421
%U https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.421
%U https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.acl-long.421
%P 7792-7807

Markdown (Informal)

[Order-Agnostic Data Augmentation for Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition](https://aclanthology.org/2024.acl-long.421) (Wang et al., ACL 2024)

• Order-Agnostic Data Augmentation for Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition (Wang et al., ACL 2024)

ACL

• Huiming Wang, Liying Cheng, Wenxuan Zhang, De Wen Soh, and Lidong Bing. 2024. Order-Agnostic Data Augmentation for Few-Shot Named Entity Recognition. In Proceedings of the 62nd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 7792–7807, Bangkok, Thailand. Association for Computational Linguistics.