So Hateful! Building a Multi-Label Hate Speech Annotated Arabic Dataset

Wajdi Zaghouani, Hamdy Mubarak, Md. Rafiul Biswas


Abstract
Social media enables widespread propagation of hate speech targeting groups based on ethnicity, religion, or other characteristics. With manual content moderation being infeasible given the volume, automatic hate speech detection is essential. This paper analyzes 70,000 Arabic tweets, from which 15,965 tweets were selected and annotated, to identify hate speech patterns and train classification models. Annotators labeled the Arabic tweets for offensive content, hate speech, emotion intensity and type, effect on readers, humor, factuality, and spam. Key findings reveal 15% of tweets contain offensive language while 6% have hate speech, mostly targeted towards groups with common ideological or political affiliations. Annotations capture diverse emotions, and sarcasm is more prevalent than humor. Additionally, 10% of tweets provide verifiable factual claims, and 7% are deemed important. For hate speech detection, deep learning models like AraBERT outperform classical machine learning approaches. By providing insights into hate speech characteristics, this work enables improved content moderation and reduced exposure to online hate. The annotated dataset advances Arabic natural language processing research and resources.
Anthology ID:
2024.lrec-main.1308
Volume:
Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024)
Month:
May
Year:
2024
Address:
Torino, Italia
Editors:
Nicoletta Calzolari, Min-Yen Kan, Veronique Hoste, Alessandro Lenci, Sakriani Sakti, Nianwen Xue
Venues:
LREC | COLING
SIG:
Publisher:
ELRA and ICCL
Note:
Pages:
15044–15055
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.1308
DOI:
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Wajdi Zaghouani, Hamdy Mubarak, and Md. Rafiul Biswas. 2024. So Hateful! Building a Multi-Label Hate Speech Annotated Arabic Dataset. In Proceedings of the 2024 Joint International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC-COLING 2024), pages 15044–15055, Torino, Italia. ELRA and ICCL.
Cite (Informal):
So Hateful! Building a Multi-Label Hate Speech Annotated Arabic Dataset (Zaghouani et al., LREC-COLING 2024)
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PDF:
https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.1308.pdf