A Systematic Comparison of Syllogistic Reasoning in Humans and Language Models

Tiwalayo Eisape, Michael Tessler, Ishita Dasgupta, Fei Sha, Sjoerd Steenkiste, Tal Linzen


Abstract
A central component of rational behavior is logical inference: the process of determining which conclusions follow from a set of premises. Psychologists have documented several ways in which humans’ inferences deviate from the rules of logic. Do language models, which are trained on text generated by humans, replicate such human biases, or are they able to overcome them? Focusing on the case of syllogisms—inferences from two simple premises—we show that, within the PaLM 2 family of transformer language models, larger models are more logical than smaller ones, and also more logical than humans. At the same time, even the largest models make systematic errors, some of which mirror human reasoning biases: they show sensitivity to the (irrelevant) ordering of the variables in the syllogism, and draw confident but incorrect inferences from particular syllogisms (syllogistic fallacies). Overall, we find that language models often mimic the human biases included in their training data, but are able to overcome them in some cases.
Anthology ID:
2024.naacl-long.466
Volume:
Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers)
Month:
June
Year:
2024
Address:
Mexico City, Mexico
Editors:
Kevin Duh, Helena Gomez, Steven Bethard
Venue:
NAACL
SIG:
Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:
8418–8437
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/2024.naacl-long.466
DOI:
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Tiwalayo Eisape, Michael Tessler, Ishita Dasgupta, Fei Sha, Sjoerd Steenkiste, and Tal Linzen. 2024. A Systematic Comparison of Syllogistic Reasoning in Humans and Language Models. In Proceedings of the 2024 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 8418–8437, Mexico City, Mexico. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
A Systematic Comparison of Syllogistic Reasoning in Humans and Language Models (Eisape et al., NAACL 2024)
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https://aclanthology.org/2024.naacl-long.466.pdf
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 2024.naacl-long.466.copyright.pdf