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        <title>If Eleanor Rigby Had Met ChatGPT: A Study on Loneliness in a Post-LLM World</title>
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    <abstract>**Warning: this paper discusses content related, but not limited to, violence, sex, and suicide.**Loneliness, or the lack of fulfilling relationships, significantly impacts a person’s mental and physical well-being and is prevalent worldwide. Previous research suggests that large language models (LLMs) may help mitigate loneliness. However, we argue that the use of widespread LLMs in services like ChatGPT is more prevalent–and riskier, as they are not designed for this purpose. To explore this, we analysed user interactions with ChatGPT outside of its marketed use as a task-oriented assistant. In dialogues classified as lonely, users frequently (37%) sought advice or validation, and received good engagement. However, ChatGPT failed in sensitive scenarios, like responding appropriately to suicidal ideation or trauma. We also observed a 35% higher incidence of toxic content, with women being 22\times more likely to be targeted than men. Our findings underscore ethical and legal questions about this technology, and note risks like radicalisation or further isolation. We conclude with recommendations to research and industry to address loneliness.</abstract>
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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T If Eleanor Rigby Had Met ChatGPT: A Study on Loneliness in a Post-LLM World
%A de Wynter, Adrian
%Y Che, Wanxiang
%Y Nabende, Joyce
%Y Shutova, Ekaterina
%Y Pilehvar, Mohammad Taher
%S Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)
%D 2025
%8 July
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C Vienna, Austria
%@ 979-8-89176-251-0
%F de-wynter-2025-eleanor
%X **Warning: this paper discusses content related, but not limited to, violence, sex, and suicide.**Loneliness, or the lack of fulfilling relationships, significantly impacts a person’s mental and physical well-being and is prevalent worldwide. Previous research suggests that large language models (LLMs) may help mitigate loneliness. However, we argue that the use of widespread LLMs in services like ChatGPT is more prevalent–and riskier, as they are not designed for this purpose. To explore this, we analysed user interactions with ChatGPT outside of its marketed use as a task-oriented assistant. In dialogues classified as lonely, users frequently (37%) sought advice or validation, and received good engagement. However, ChatGPT failed in sensitive scenarios, like responding appropriately to suicidal ideation or trauma. We also observed a 35% higher incidence of toxic content, with women being 22\times more likely to be targeted than men. Our findings underscore ethical and legal questions about this technology, and note risks like radicalisation or further isolation. We conclude with recommendations to research and industry to address loneliness.
%R 10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.976
%U https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.976/
%U https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.acl-long.976
%P 19898-19913

Markdown (Informal)

[If Eleanor Rigby Had Met ChatGPT: A Study on Loneliness in a Post-LLM World](https://aclanthology.org/2025.acl-long.976/) (de Wynter, ACL 2025)

• If Eleanor Rigby Had Met ChatGPT: A Study on Loneliness in a Post-LLM World (de Wynter, ACL 2025)

ACL

• Adrian de Wynter. 2025. If Eleanor Rigby Had Met ChatGPT: A Study on Loneliness in a Post-LLM World. In Proceedings of the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), pages 19898–19913, Vienna, Austria. Association for Computational Linguistics.