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        <title>Beyond Agreement: Rethinking Ground Truth in Educational AI Annotation</title>
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    <abstract>Humans are biased, inconsistent, and yet we keep trusting them to define “ground truth.” This paper questions the overreliance on inter-rater reliability in educational AI and proposes a multidimensional approach leveraging expert-based approaches and close-the-loop validity to build annotations that reflect impact, not just agreement. It’s time we do better.</abstract>
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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T Beyond Agreement: Rethinking Ground Truth in Educational AI Annotation
%A Thomas, Danielle R.
%A Borchers, Conrad
%A Koedinger, Ken
%Y Wilson, Joshua
%Y Ormerod, Christopher
%Y Beiting Parrish, Magdalen
%S Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Measurement and Education Conference (AIME-Con): Full Papers
%D 2025
%8 October
%I National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME)
%C Wyndham Grand Pittsburgh, Downtown, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
%@ 979-8-218-84228-4
%F thomas-etal-2025-beyond
%X Humans are biased, inconsistent, and yet we keep trusting them to define “ground truth.” This paper questions the overreliance on inter-rater reliability in educational AI and proposes a multidimensional approach leveraging expert-based approaches and close-the-loop validity to build annotations that reflect impact, not just agreement. It’s time we do better.
%U https://aclanthology.org/2025.aimecon-main.37/
%P 345-351

Markdown (Informal)

[Beyond Agreement: Rethinking Ground Truth in Educational AI Annotation](https://aclanthology.org/2025.aimecon-main.37/) (Thomas et al., AIME-Con 2025)

• Beyond Agreement: Rethinking Ground Truth in Educational AI Annotation (Thomas et al., AIME-Con 2025)

ACL

• Danielle R Thomas, Conrad Borchers, and Ken Koedinger. 2025. Beyond Agreement: Rethinking Ground Truth in Educational AI Annotation. In Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Measurement and Education Conference (AIME-Con): Full Papers, pages 345–351, Wyndham Grand Pittsburgh, Downtown, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME).