Linguistic Features Extracted by GPT-4 Improve Alzheimer’s Disease Detection based on Spontaneous Speech

Jonathan Heitz, Gerold Schneider, Nicolas Langer


Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a significant and growing public health concern. Investigating alterations in speech and language patterns offers a promising path towards cost-effective and non-invasive early detection of AD on a large scale. Large language models (LLMs), such as GPT, have enabled powerful new possibilities for semantic text analysis. In this study, we leverage GPT-4 to extract five semantic features from transcripts of spontaneous patient speech. The features capture known symptoms of AD, but they are difficult to quantify effectively using traditional methods of computational linguistics. We demonstrate the clinical significance of these features and further validate one of them (“Word-Finding Difficulties”) against a proxy measure and human raters. When combined with established linguistic features and a Random Forest classifier, the GPT-derived features significantly improve the detection of AD. Our approach proves effective for both manually transcribed and automatically generated transcripts, representing a novel and impactful use of recent advancements in LLMs for AD speech analysis.
Anthology ID:
2025.coling-main.126
Volume:
Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics
Month:
January
Year:
2025
Address:
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Editors:
Owen Rambow, Leo Wanner, Marianna Apidianaki, Hend Al-Khalifa, Barbara Di Eugenio, Steven Schockaert
Venue:
COLING
SIG:
Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:
1850–1864
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.126/
DOI:
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Jonathan Heitz, Gerold Schneider, and Nicolas Langer. 2025. Linguistic Features Extracted by GPT-4 Improve Alzheimer’s Disease Detection based on Spontaneous Speech. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pages 1850–1864, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
Linguistic Features Extracted by GPT-4 Improve Alzheimer’s Disease Detection based on Spontaneous Speech (Heitz et al., COLING 2025)
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PDF:
https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.126.pdf