Aligning Large Language Models with Human Opinions through Persona Selection and Value–Belief–Norm Reasoning

Xuan Long Do, Kenji Kawaguchi, Min-Yen Kan, Nancy Chen


Abstract
Reasoning and predicting human opinions with large language models (LLMs) is essential yet challenging. Current methods employ role-playing with personae but face two major issues: LLMs are sensitive to even a single irrelevant persona, skewing predictions by up to 30%; and LLMs fail to reason strategically over personae. We propose Chain-of-Opinion (COO), a simple four-step solution modeling which and how to reason with personae, inspired by the Value–Belief–Norm (VBN) theory. COO differentiates between explicit personae (demographics and ideology) and implicit personae (historical opinions), involves: (1) filtering irrelevant attributes from explicit personae; (2) ranking implicit personae into a preferential list for selecting top-k; (3) applying novel VBN reasoning to extract user environmental and personal value, belief, and norm variables for accurate and reliable predictions; and (4) iterating VBN reasoning with progressively larger lists of implicit personae to handle potential persona insufficiency. COO efficiently achieves new state-of-the-art opinion prediction via prompting with only 5 inference calls, improving prior techniques by up to 4%. Notably, fine-tuning LMs with COO’s data results in significantly better opinion-aligned models, by up to 23%.
Anthology ID:
2025.coling-main.172
Volume:
Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics
Month:
January
Year:
2025
Address:
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Editors:
Owen Rambow, Leo Wanner, Marianna Apidianaki, Hend Al-Khalifa, Barbara Di Eugenio, Steven Schockaert
Venue:
COLING
SIG:
Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:
2526–2547
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.172/
DOI:
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Xuan Long Do, Kenji Kawaguchi, Min-Yen Kan, and Nancy Chen. 2025. Aligning Large Language Models with Human Opinions through Persona Selection and Value–Belief–Norm Reasoning. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pages 2526–2547, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
Aligning Large Language Models with Human Opinions through Persona Selection and Value–Belief–Norm Reasoning (Do et al., COLING 2025)
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PDF:
https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.172.pdf