Post-Hoc Watermarking for Robust Detection in Text Generated by Large Language Models

Jifei Hao, Jipeng Qiang, Yi Zhu, Yun Li, Yunhao Yuan, Xiaoye Ouyang


Abstract
Research on text simplification has been ongoing for many years, yet document simplification remains a significant challenge due to the need to address complex factors such as technical terminology, metaphors, and overall coherence. In this work, we introduce a novel multi-agent framework AgentSimp for document simplification, based on large language models. This framework simulates the collaborative efforts of a team of human experts through the roles played by multiple agents, effectively meeting the intricate demands of document simplification. We investigate two communication strategies among agents (pipeline-style and synchronous) and two document reconstruction strategies (Direct and Iterative). According to both automatic evaluation metrics and human evaluation results, AgentSimp produces simplified documents that are more thoroughly simplified and more coherent across various articles and styles.
Anthology ID:
2025.coling-main.364
Volume:
Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics
Month:
January
Year:
2025
Address:
Abu Dhabi, UAE
Editors:
Owen Rambow, Leo Wanner, Marianna Apidianaki, Hend Al-Khalifa, Barbara Di Eugenio, Steven Schockaert
Venue:
COLING
SIG:
Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:
5430–5442
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.364/
DOI:
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Jifei Hao, Jipeng Qiang, Yi Zhu, Yun Li, Yunhao Yuan, and Xiaoye Ouyang. 2025. Post-Hoc Watermarking for Robust Detection in Text Generated by Large Language Models. In Proceedings of the 31st International Conference on Computational Linguistics, pages 5430–5442, Abu Dhabi, UAE. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
Post-Hoc Watermarking for Robust Detection in Text Generated by Large Language Models (Hao et al., COLING 2025)
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PDF:
https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.364.pdf