@inproceedings{al-ghanim-etal-2025-evaluating,
title = "Evaluating the Robustness and Accuracy of Text Watermarking Under Real-World Cross-Lingual Manipulations",
author = "Al Ghanim, Mansour and
Xue, Jiaqi and
Hastuti, Rochana Prih and
Zheng, Mengxin and
Solihin, Yan and
Lou, Qian",
editor = "Christodoulopoulos, Christos and
Chakraborty, Tanmoy and
Rose, Carolyn and
Peng, Violet",
booktitle = "Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025",
month = nov,
year = "2025",
address = "Suzhou, China",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-emnlp.390/",
doi = "10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.390",
pages = "7396--7416",
ISBN = "979-8-89176-335-7",
abstract = "We present a study to benchmark representative watermarking methods in cross-lingual settings. The current literature mainly focuses on the evaluation of watermarking methods for the English language. However, the literature for evaluating watermarking in cross-lingual settings is scarce. This results in overlooking important adversary scenarios in which a cross-lingual adversary could be in, leading to a gray area of practicality over cross-lingual watermarking. In this paper, we evaluate four watermarking methods in four different and vocabulary rich languages. Our experiments investigate the quality of text under different watermarking procedure and the detectability of watermarks with practical translation attack scenarios. Specifically, we investigate practical scenarios that an adversary with cross-lingual knowledge could take, and evaluate whether current watermarking methods are suitable for such scenarios. Finally, from our findings, we draw key insights about watermarking in cross-lingual settings."
}<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<modsCollection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods ID="al-ghanim-etal-2025-evaluating">
<titleInfo>
<title>Evaluating the Robustness and Accuracy of Text Watermarking Under Real-World Cross-Lingual Manipulations</title>
</titleInfo>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Mansour</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Al Ghanim</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Jiaqi</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Xue</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Rochana</namePart>
<namePart type="given">Prih</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Hastuti</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Mengxin</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Zheng</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Yan</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Solihin</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Qian</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Lou</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<originInfo>
<dateIssued>2025-11</dateIssued>
</originInfo>
<typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource>
<relatedItem type="host">
<titleInfo>
<title>Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025</title>
</titleInfo>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Christos</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Christodoulopoulos</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Tanmoy</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Chakraborty</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Carolyn</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Rose</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Violet</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Peng</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<originInfo>
<publisher>Association for Computational Linguistics</publisher>
<place>
<placeTerm type="text">Suzhou, China</placeTerm>
</place>
</originInfo>
<genre authority="marcgt">conference publication</genre>
<identifier type="isbn">979-8-89176-335-7</identifier>
</relatedItem>
<abstract>We present a study to benchmark representative watermarking methods in cross-lingual settings. The current literature mainly focuses on the evaluation of watermarking methods for the English language. However, the literature for evaluating watermarking in cross-lingual settings is scarce. This results in overlooking important adversary scenarios in which a cross-lingual adversary could be in, leading to a gray area of practicality over cross-lingual watermarking. In this paper, we evaluate four watermarking methods in four different and vocabulary rich languages. Our experiments investigate the quality of text under different watermarking procedure and the detectability of watermarks with practical translation attack scenarios. Specifically, we investigate practical scenarios that an adversary with cross-lingual knowledge could take, and evaluate whether current watermarking methods are suitable for such scenarios. Finally, from our findings, we draw key insights about watermarking in cross-lingual settings.</abstract>
<identifier type="citekey">al-ghanim-etal-2025-evaluating</identifier>
<identifier type="doi">10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.390</identifier>
<location>
<url>https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-emnlp.390/</url>
</location>
<part>
<date>2025-11</date>
<extent unit="page">
<start>7396</start>
<end>7416</end>
</extent>
</part>
</mods>
</modsCollection>
%0 Conference Proceedings
%T Evaluating the Robustness and Accuracy of Text Watermarking Under Real-World Cross-Lingual Manipulations
%A Al Ghanim, Mansour
%A Xue, Jiaqi
%A Hastuti, Rochana Prih
%A Zheng, Mengxin
%A Solihin, Yan
%A Lou, Qian
%Y Christodoulopoulos, Christos
%Y Chakraborty, Tanmoy
%Y Rose, Carolyn
%Y Peng, Violet
%S Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025
%D 2025
%8 November
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C Suzhou, China
%@ 979-8-89176-335-7
%F al-ghanim-etal-2025-evaluating
%X We present a study to benchmark representative watermarking methods in cross-lingual settings. The current literature mainly focuses on the evaluation of watermarking methods for the English language. However, the literature for evaluating watermarking in cross-lingual settings is scarce. This results in overlooking important adversary scenarios in which a cross-lingual adversary could be in, leading to a gray area of practicality over cross-lingual watermarking. In this paper, we evaluate four watermarking methods in four different and vocabulary rich languages. Our experiments investigate the quality of text under different watermarking procedure and the detectability of watermarks with practical translation attack scenarios. Specifically, we investigate practical scenarios that an adversary with cross-lingual knowledge could take, and evaluate whether current watermarking methods are suitable for such scenarios. Finally, from our findings, we draw key insights about watermarking in cross-lingual settings.
%R 10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.390
%U https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-emnlp.390/
%U https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2025.findings-emnlp.390
%P 7396-7416
Markdown (Informal)
[Evaluating the Robustness and Accuracy of Text Watermarking Under Real-World Cross-Lingual Manipulations](https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-emnlp.390/) (Al Ghanim et al., Findings 2025)
ACL