Bringing Pedagogy into Focus: Evaluating Virtual Teaching Assistants’ Question-Answering in Asynchronous Learning Environments

Li Siyan, Zhen Xu, Vethavikashini Chithrra Raghuram, Xuanming Zhang, Renzhe Yu, Zhou Yu


Abstract
Virtual Teaching Assistants (VTAs) can reduce the workload of teaching teams in Asynchronous Learning Environments (ALEs) where timely, personalized support is often limited. As VTA systems grow more capable, rigorous and pedagogically sound evaluation becomes essential. Existing assessments often rely on surface-level metrics and lack sufficient grounding in educational theory, making it difficult to meaningfully compare the pedagogical effectiveness of VTA systems. To bridge this gap, we propose a pedagogically-oriented evaluation framework that is rooted in learning sciences and tailored to asynchronous forum discussions, a common VTA deployment context in ALE. We construct classifiers using expert annotations of VTA responses on a diverse set of forum posts. We evaluate the effectiveness of our classifiers, identifying approaches that improve accuracy as well as challenges that hinder generalization. Our work establishes a foundation for theory-driven evaluation of VTA systems, paving the way for more pedagogically effective AI in education.
Anthology ID:
2025.findings-emnlp.518
Volume:
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025
Month:
November
Year:
2025
Address:
Suzhou, China
Editors:
Christos Christodoulopoulos, Tanmoy Chakraborty, Carolyn Rose, Violet Peng
Venue:
Findings
SIG:
Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:
9743–9774
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URL:
https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-emnlp.518/
DOI:
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Li Siyan, Zhen Xu, Vethavikashini Chithrra Raghuram, Xuanming Zhang, Renzhe Yu, and Zhou Yu. 2025. Bringing Pedagogy into Focus: Evaluating Virtual Teaching Assistants’ Question-Answering in Asynchronous Learning Environments. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2025, pages 9743–9774, Suzhou, China. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
Bringing Pedagogy into Focus: Evaluating Virtual Teaching Assistants’ Question-Answering in Asynchronous Learning Environments (Siyan et al., Findings 2025)
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https://aclanthology.org/2025.findings-emnlp.518.pdf
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