Assessing the Reliability and Construct Representation of LLM-based Language Proficiency Scores

Langdon Holmes; Scott Andrew Crossley; Joon Suh Choi; Wesley Morris

Assessing the Reliability and Construct Representation of LLM-based Language Proficiency Scores

Langdon Holmes, Scott Andrew Crossley, Joon Suh Choi, Wesley Morris

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Abstract

We used confirmatory factor analysis to assess the reliability and construct representation of an LLM-based measurement instrument of language proficiency. LLMs were at least as reliable as human raters and loaded onto the same underlying factor, though analyses indicated a less than perfect alignment between LLM and human raters.

Anthology ID:: 2026.aimecon-main.60
Volume:: Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Measurement and Education Conference (AIME-Con): Full Papers
Month:: October
Year:: 2026
Address:: Wyndham Grand Pittsburgh Downtown, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
Editors:: Joshua Wilson, Christopher Ormerod, Magdalen Beiting-Parrish
Venue:: AIME-Con
SIG:
Publisher:: National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME)
Note:
Pages:: 534–542
Language:
URL:: https://aclanthology.org/2026.aimecon-main.60/
DOI:
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):: Langdon Holmes, Scott Andrew Crossley, Joon Suh Choi, and Wesley Morris. 2026. Assessing the Reliability and Construct Representation of LLM-based Language Proficiency Scores. In Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Measurement and Education Conference (AIME-Con): Full Papers, pages 534–542, Wyndham Grand Pittsburgh Downtown, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME).
Cite (Informal):: Assessing the Reliability and Construct Representation of LLM-based Language Proficiency Scores (Holmes et al., AIME-Con 2026)
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PDF:: https://aclanthology.org/2026.aimecon-main.60.pdf

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@inproceedings{holmes-etal-2026-assessing,
    title = "Assessing the Reliability and Construct Representation of {LLM}-based Language Proficiency Scores",
    author = "Holmes, Langdon  and
      Crossley, Scott Andrew  and
      Choi, Joon Suh  and
      Morris, Wesley",
    editor = "Wilson, Joshua  and
      Ormerod, Christopher  and
      Beiting-Parrish, Magdalen",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Measurement and Education Conference ({AIME}-Con): Full Papers",
    month = oct,
    year = "2026",
    address = "Wyndham Grand Pittsburgh Downtown, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States",
    publisher = "National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME)",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.aimecon-main.60/",
    pages = "534--542",
    ISBN = "979-8-9983004-0-0",
    abstract = "We used confirmatory factor analysis to assess the reliability and construct representation of an LLM-based measurement instrument of language proficiency. LLMs were at least as reliable as human raters and loaded onto the same underlying factor, though analyses indicated a less than perfect alignment between LLM and human raters."
}

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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T Assessing the Reliability and Construct Representation of LLM-based Language Proficiency Scores
%A Holmes, Langdon
%A Crossley, Scott Andrew
%A Choi, Joon Suh
%A Morris, Wesley
%Y Wilson, Joshua
%Y Ormerod, Christopher
%Y Beiting-Parrish, Magdalen
%S Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Measurement and Education Conference (AIME-Con): Full Papers
%D 2026
%8 October
%I National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME)
%C Wyndham Grand Pittsburgh Downtown, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States
%@ 979-8-9983004-0-0
%F holmes-etal-2026-assessing
%X We used confirmatory factor analysis to assess the reliability and construct representation of an LLM-based measurement instrument of language proficiency. LLMs were at least as reliable as human raters and loaded onto the same underlying factor, though analyses indicated a less than perfect alignment between LLM and human raters.
%U https://aclanthology.org/2026.aimecon-main.60/
%P 534-542

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Markdown (Informal)

[Assessing the Reliability and Construct Representation of LLM-based Language Proficiency Scores](https://aclanthology.org/2026.aimecon-main.60/) (Holmes et al., AIME-Con 2026)

Assessing the Reliability and Construct Representation of LLM-based Language Proficiency Scores (Holmes et al., AIME-Con 2026)

ACL

Langdon Holmes, Scott Andrew Crossley, Joon Suh Choi, and Wesley Morris. 2026. Assessing the Reliability and Construct Representation of LLM-based Language Proficiency Scores. In Proceedings of the Artificial Intelligence in Measurement and Education Conference (AIME-Con): Full Papers, pages 534–542, Wyndham Grand Pittsburgh Downtown, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States. National Council on Measurement in Education (NCME).