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        <title>Language Models as Measurement Apparatus for Culture</title>
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    <abstract>Language models are increasingly used to quantify cultural phenomena, but what makes such measurement distinctively cultural? This paper argues that NLP work on culture is a material-discursive practice: the apparatus—model, data, annotation, evaluation—participates in constituting the cultural reality it measures, rather than passively recording it. Drawing on Karen Barad’s concept of the agential cut—the contingent boundary between phenomenon and instrument—I show that the apparatus’s substantive design choices draw such boundaries, and that the boundary is entangled from the start because language models have already internalized much of the cultural material they measure. I illustrate this through three case studies on television and film dialogue and two examinations of the apparatus itself: erasure of character names as cultural markers, and attunement to historically distant Restoration drama. This big picture analysis proposes a research program that is theory-driven, empirically rigorous, and culturally contingent, treating each agential cut as a conscious commitment.</abstract>
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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T Language Models as Measurement Apparatus for Culture
%A Chang, Kent K.
%Y Elazar, Yanai
%Y Ettinger, Allyson
%Y Kassner, Nora
%Y Ruder, Sebastian
%S Proceedings of The Big Picture v2: Crafting a Research Narrative
%D 2026
%8 July
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C San Diego, CA, USA
%@ 979-8-89176-416-3
%F chang-2026-language
%X Language models are increasingly used to quantify cultural phenomena, but what makes such measurement distinctively cultural? This paper argues that NLP work on culture is a material-discursive practice: the apparatus—model, data, annotation, evaluation—participates in constituting the cultural reality it measures, rather than passively recording it. Drawing on Karen Barad’s concept of the agential cut—the contingent boundary between phenomenon and instrument—I show that the apparatus’s substantive design choices draw such boundaries, and that the boundary is entangled from the start because language models have already internalized much of the cultural material they measure. I illustrate this through three case studies on television and film dialogue and two examinations of the apparatus itself: erasure of character names as cultural markers, and attunement to historically distant Restoration drama. This big picture analysis proposes a research program that is theory-driven, empirically rigorous, and culturally contingent, treating each agential cut as a conscious commitment.
%R 10.18653/v1/2026.bigpicture-main.11
%U https://aclanthology.org/2026.bigpicture-main.11/
%U https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.bigpicture-main.11
%P 131-143

Markdown (Informal)

[Language Models as Measurement Apparatus for Culture](https://aclanthology.org/2026.bigpicture-main.11/) (Chang, BigPicture 2026)

• Language Models as Measurement Apparatus for Culture (Chang, BigPicture 2026)

ACL

• Kent K. Chang. 2026. Language Models as Measurement Apparatus for Culture. In Proceedings of The Big Picture v2: Crafting a Research Narrative, pages 131–143, San Diego, CA, USA. Association for Computational Linguistics.