@inproceedings{kim-lee-2026-language-models,
title = "How Do Language Models Represent and Use Phonological Information for Allomorph Selection?",
author = "Kim, Sangwoo and
Lee, Sangah",
editor = "Lee, Hung-Yi and
Dev, Sunipa and
Li, Jessy and
Elliott, Desmond",
booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
month = oct,
year = "2026",
address = "Budapest, Hungary",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.emnlp-main.2316/",
pages = "52622--52639",
ISBN = "979-8-89176-459-0",
abstract = "Language models are trained on tokenized text that obscures the sound structure of words, yet they reliably produce morphemes whose form is phonologically conditioned. It remains unclear whether they rely on item-specific memorization or rule-like generalization and, if the latter, how that generalization is implemented. We therefore ask whether this phonological condition is represented within language models and how it is causally used for allomorph selection. For the English indefinite article \textit{a}/\textit{an}, we show that the phonological condition is encoded along a single linear direction in trigger-token embeddings, that this direction causally drives article selection in token-level \textit{wug} tests, and that, at the article-prediction position, the model forecasts the upcoming trigger token and uses the forecasted trigger{'}s phonological feature to choose the article. We then ask whether this rule-like generalization extends beyond English article selection, both to allomorph selection in other languages and to explicit phonological judgment. Together, these results provide a mechanistic account of phonologically conditioned allomorph selection in language models, and dissociate this generation-time ability from explicit metalinguistic judgments."
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<abstract>Language models are trained on tokenized text that obscures the sound structure of words, yet they reliably produce morphemes whose form is phonologically conditioned. It remains unclear whether they rely on item-specific memorization or rule-like generalization and, if the latter, how that generalization is implemented. We therefore ask whether this phonological condition is represented within language models and how it is causally used for allomorph selection. For the English indefinite article a/an, we show that the phonological condition is encoded along a single linear direction in trigger-token embeddings, that this direction causally drives article selection in token-level wug tests, and that, at the article-prediction position, the model forecasts the upcoming trigger token and uses the forecasted trigger’s phonological feature to choose the article. We then ask whether this rule-like generalization extends beyond English article selection, both to allomorph selection in other languages and to explicit phonological judgment. Together, these results provide a mechanistic account of phonologically conditioned allomorph selection in language models, and dissociate this generation-time ability from explicit metalinguistic judgments.</abstract>
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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T How Do Language Models Represent and Use Phonological Information for Allomorph Selection?
%A Kim, Sangwoo
%A Lee, Sangah
%Y Lee, Hung-Yi
%Y Dev, Sunipa
%Y Li, Jessy
%Y Elliott, Desmond
%S Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
%D 2026
%8 October
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C Budapest, Hungary
%@ 979-8-89176-459-0
%F kim-lee-2026-language-models
%X Language models are trained on tokenized text that obscures the sound structure of words, yet they reliably produce morphemes whose form is phonologically conditioned. It remains unclear whether they rely on item-specific memorization or rule-like generalization and, if the latter, how that generalization is implemented. We therefore ask whether this phonological condition is represented within language models and how it is causally used for allomorph selection. For the English indefinite article a/an, we show that the phonological condition is encoded along a single linear direction in trigger-token embeddings, that this direction causally drives article selection in token-level wug tests, and that, at the article-prediction position, the model forecasts the upcoming trigger token and uses the forecasted trigger’s phonological feature to choose the article. We then ask whether this rule-like generalization extends beyond English article selection, both to allomorph selection in other languages and to explicit phonological judgment. Together, these results provide a mechanistic account of phonologically conditioned allomorph selection in language models, and dissociate this generation-time ability from explicit metalinguistic judgments.
%U https://aclanthology.org/2026.emnlp-main.2316/
%P 52622-52639
Markdown (Informal)
[How Do Language Models Represent and Use Phonological Information for Allomorph Selection?](https://aclanthology.org/2026.emnlp-main.2316/) (Kim & Lee, EMNLP 2026)
ACL