@inproceedings{tang-etal-2026-trace,
title = "{TRACE}: Two-Phase {RL} for Causal Graph Exploration and Deeper Psychological Intervention in Dynamic Counseling Scenarios",
author = "Tang, Shilin and
Yin, Zunyi and
Liang, Xuefeng and
Shi, Guanghui and
Tong, Song and
Guangyu, Chen",
editor = "Liakata, Maria and
Moreira, Viviane P. and
Zhang, Jiajun and
Jurgens, David",
booktitle = "Findings of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics: {ACL} 2026",
month = jul,
year = "2026",
address = "San Diego, California, United States",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.1711/",
doi = "10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1711",
pages = "34229--34260",
ISBN = "979-8-89176-395-1",
abstract = "LLMs have shown promise in mental health counseling, but existing models are limited to surface-level empathy or predefined therapeutic procedures and lack the ability to actively explore the root causes of psychological distress. Inspired by case conceptualization, we formalize counseling as the online reconstruction of a client{'}s underlying causal graph through multi-turn dialogue. To this end, we propose TRACE, a two-phase reinforcement learning framework. It implements a causal-graph-driven reward scheme across two phases: an exploration phase that rewards the causal graph reconstruction following a surface-to-deep path, and an intervention phase that rewards targeted restructuring of irrational beliefs. Extensive experiments show that TRACE outperforms existing models, enabling causal-chain-aware psychological intervention beyond surface-level empathy."
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<abstract>LLMs have shown promise in mental health counseling, but existing models are limited to surface-level empathy or predefined therapeutic procedures and lack the ability to actively explore the root causes of psychological distress. Inspired by case conceptualization, we formalize counseling as the online reconstruction of a client’s underlying causal graph through multi-turn dialogue. To this end, we propose TRACE, a two-phase reinforcement learning framework. It implements a causal-graph-driven reward scheme across two phases: an exploration phase that rewards the causal graph reconstruction following a surface-to-deep path, and an intervention phase that rewards targeted restructuring of irrational beliefs. Extensive experiments show that TRACE outperforms existing models, enabling causal-chain-aware psychological intervention beyond surface-level empathy.</abstract>
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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T TRACE: Two-Phase RL for Causal Graph Exploration and Deeper Psychological Intervention in Dynamic Counseling Scenarios
%A Tang, Shilin
%A Yin, Zunyi
%A Liang, Xuefeng
%A Shi, Guanghui
%A Tong, Song
%A Guangyu, Chen
%Y Liakata, Maria
%Y Moreira, Viviane P.
%Y Zhang, Jiajun
%Y Jurgens, David
%S Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026
%D 2026
%8 July
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C San Diego, California, United States
%@ 979-8-89176-395-1
%F tang-etal-2026-trace
%X LLMs have shown promise in mental health counseling, but existing models are limited to surface-level empathy or predefined therapeutic procedures and lack the ability to actively explore the root causes of psychological distress. Inspired by case conceptualization, we formalize counseling as the online reconstruction of a client’s underlying causal graph through multi-turn dialogue. To this end, we propose TRACE, a two-phase reinforcement learning framework. It implements a causal-graph-driven reward scheme across two phases: an exploration phase that rewards the causal graph reconstruction following a surface-to-deep path, and an intervention phase that rewards targeted restructuring of irrational beliefs. Extensive experiments show that TRACE outperforms existing models, enabling causal-chain-aware psychological intervention beyond surface-level empathy.
%R 10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1711
%U https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.1711/
%U https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2026.findings-acl.1711
%P 34229-34260
Markdown (Informal)
[TRACE: Two-Phase RL for Causal Graph Exploration and Deeper Psychological Intervention in Dynamic Counseling Scenarios](https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.1711/) (Tang et al., Findings 2026)
ACL