@inproceedings{zhang-etal-2026-locate,
title = "Locate, Steer, and Improve: A Practical Survey of Actionable Mechanistic Interpretability in Large Language Models",
author = "Zhang, Hengyuan and
Zhang, Zhihao and
Nie, Ercong and
Wang, Mingyang and
Su, Zunhai and
Wang, Yiwei and
Wang, Qianli and
Yuan, Shuzhou and
Duan, Xufeng and
Xue, Qibo and
Yu, Zeping and
Shang, Chenming and
Liang, Xiao and
Xiong, Jing and
Shen, Hui and
Tao, Chaofan and
Liu, Zhengwu and
Jin, Senjie and
Xi, Zhiheng and
Zhang, Dongdong and
Ananiadou, Sophia and
Gui, Tao and
Xie, Ruobing and
So, Hayden Kwok-Hay and
Schuetze, Hinrich and
Huang, Xuanjing and
Zhang, Qi and
Wong, Ngai",
editor = "Liakata, Maria and
Moreira, Viviane P. and
Zhang, Jiajun and
Jurgens, David",
booktitle = "Findings of the {A}ssociation for {C}omputational {L}inguistics: {ACL} 2026",
month = jul,
year = "2026",
address = "San Diego, California, United States",
publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.502/",
pages = "10317--10362",
ISBN = "979-8-89176-395-1",
abstract = "Mechanistic Interpretability (MI) has emerged as a vital approach to demystify the opaque decision-making of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing reviews primarily treat MI as an observational science, summarizing analytical insights while lacking a systematic framework for actionable intervention. To bridge this gap, we present a practical survey structured around the pipeline: ``Locate, Steer, and Improve.'' We formally categorize Localizing (diagnosis) and Steering (intervention) methods based on specific Interpretable Objects to establish a rigorous intervention protocol. Furthermore, we demonstrate how this framework enables tangible improvements in Alignment, Capability, and Efficiency, effectively operationalizing MI as a practical engineering toolkit for model optimization. The curated paper list of this work is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/Act-MI-F068."
}<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<modsCollection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods ID="zhang-etal-2026-locate">
<titleInfo>
<title>Locate, Steer, and Improve: A Practical Survey of Actionable Mechanistic Interpretability in Large Language Models</title>
</titleInfo>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Hengyuan</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Zhang</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Zhihao</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Zhang</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Ercong</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Nie</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Mingyang</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Wang</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Zunhai</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Su</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Yiwei</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Wang</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Qianli</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Wang</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Shuzhou</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Yuan</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Xufeng</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Duan</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Qibo</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Xue</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Zeping</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Yu</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Chenming</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Shang</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Xiao</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Liang</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Jing</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Xiong</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Hui</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Shen</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Chaofan</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Tao</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Zhengwu</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Liu</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Senjie</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Jin</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Zhiheng</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Xi</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Dongdong</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Zhang</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Sophia</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Ananiadou</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Tao</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Gui</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Ruobing</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Xie</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Hayden</namePart>
<namePart type="given">Kwok-Hay</namePart>
<namePart type="family">So</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Hinrich</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Schuetze</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Xuanjing</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Huang</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Qi</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Zhang</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Ngai</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Wong</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<originInfo>
<dateIssued>2026-07</dateIssued>
</originInfo>
<typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource>
<relatedItem type="host">
<titleInfo>
<title>Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026</title>
</titleInfo>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Maria</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Liakata</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Viviane</namePart>
<namePart type="given">P</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Moreira</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">Jiajun</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Zhang</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<name type="personal">
<namePart type="given">David</namePart>
<namePart type="family">Jurgens</namePart>
<role>
<roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm>
</role>
</name>
<originInfo>
<publisher>Association for Computational Linguistics</publisher>
<place>
<placeTerm type="text">San Diego, California, United States</placeTerm>
</place>
</originInfo>
<genre authority="marcgt">conference publication</genre>
<identifier type="isbn">979-8-89176-395-1</identifier>
</relatedItem>
<abstract>Mechanistic Interpretability (MI) has emerged as a vital approach to demystify the opaque decision-making of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing reviews primarily treat MI as an observational science, summarizing analytical insights while lacking a systematic framework for actionable intervention. To bridge this gap, we present a practical survey structured around the pipeline: “Locate, Steer, and Improve.” We formally categorize Localizing (diagnosis) and Steering (intervention) methods based on specific Interpretable Objects to establish a rigorous intervention protocol. Furthermore, we demonstrate how this framework enables tangible improvements in Alignment, Capability, and Efficiency, effectively operationalizing MI as a practical engineering toolkit for model optimization. The curated paper list of this work is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/Act-MI-F068.</abstract>
<identifier type="citekey">zhang-etal-2026-locate</identifier>
<location>
<url>https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.502/</url>
</location>
<part>
<date>2026-07</date>
<extent unit="page">
<start>10317</start>
<end>10362</end>
</extent>
</part>
</mods>
</modsCollection>
%0 Conference Proceedings
%T Locate, Steer, and Improve: A Practical Survey of Actionable Mechanistic Interpretability in Large Language Models
%A Zhang, Hengyuan
%A Zhang, Zhihao
%A Nie, Ercong
%A Wang, Mingyang
%A Su, Zunhai
%A Wang, Yiwei
%A Wang, Qianli
%A Yuan, Shuzhou
%A Duan, Xufeng
%A Xue, Qibo
%A Yu, Zeping
%A Shang, Chenming
%A Liang, Xiao
%A Xiong, Jing
%A Shen, Hui
%A Tao, Chaofan
%A Liu, Zhengwu
%A Jin, Senjie
%A Xi, Zhiheng
%A Zhang, Dongdong
%A Ananiadou, Sophia
%A Gui, Tao
%A Xie, Ruobing
%A So, Hayden Kwok-Hay
%A Schuetze, Hinrich
%A Huang, Xuanjing
%A Zhang, Qi
%A Wong, Ngai
%Y Liakata, Maria
%Y Moreira, Viviane P.
%Y Zhang, Jiajun
%Y Jurgens, David
%S Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026
%D 2026
%8 July
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C San Diego, California, United States
%@ 979-8-89176-395-1
%F zhang-etal-2026-locate
%X Mechanistic Interpretability (MI) has emerged as a vital approach to demystify the opaque decision-making of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing reviews primarily treat MI as an observational science, summarizing analytical insights while lacking a systematic framework for actionable intervention. To bridge this gap, we present a practical survey structured around the pipeline: “Locate, Steer, and Improve.” We formally categorize Localizing (diagnosis) and Steering (intervention) methods based on specific Interpretable Objects to establish a rigorous intervention protocol. Furthermore, we demonstrate how this framework enables tangible improvements in Alignment, Capability, and Efficiency, effectively operationalizing MI as a practical engineering toolkit for model optimization. The curated paper list of this work is available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/Act-MI-F068.
%U https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.502/
%P 10317-10362
Markdown (Informal)
[Locate, Steer, and Improve: A Practical Survey of Actionable Mechanistic Interpretability in Large Language Models](https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-acl.502/) (Zhang et al., Findings 2026)
ACL
- Hengyuan Zhang, Zhihao Zhang, Ercong Nie, Mingyang Wang, Zunhai Su, Yiwei Wang, Qianli Wang, Shuzhou Yuan, Xufeng Duan, Qibo Xue, Zeping Yu, Chenming Shang, Xiao Liang, Jing Xiong, Hui Shen, Chaofan Tao, Zhengwu Liu, Senjie Jin, Zhiheng Xi, Dongdong Zhang, Sophia Ananiadou, Tao Gui, Ruobing Xie, Hayden Kwok-Hay So, Hinrich Schuetze, Xuanjing Huang, Qi Zhang, and Ngai Wong. 2026. Locate, Steer, and Improve: A Practical Survey of Actionable Mechanistic Interpretability in Large Language Models. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: ACL 2026, pages 10317–10362, San Diego, California, United States. Association for Computational Linguistics.