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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T Asclepius: An Adaptive Harness for Long-Horizon Clinical Agents
%A Yuan, Grace Chang
%A Zhang, Xiaoman
%A Kim, Sung Eun
%A Luo, Luyang
%A Rajpurkar, Pranav
%Y Lee, Hung-Yi
%Y Dev, Sunipa
%Y Li, Jessy
%Y Elliott, Desmond
%S Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2026
%D 2026
%8 October
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C Budapest, Hungary
%@ 979-8-89176-462-0
%F yuan-etal-2026-asclepius
%X LLM agents are predominantly benchmarked on short, single-task trajectories, yet real deployments run for hours under contention, surfacing a different class of failures. We use the Clinical Environment Simulator (CES), in which an agent manages an entire emergency-department shift under continuous time and resource pressure, as a testbed: long-horizon execution failures manifest measurably in a single rollout under structured, multi-dimensional grading. On CES, current agents reach the correct diagnosis in most cases yet fail to deliver complete and timely critical actions, revealing an execution gap. We attribute this gap to three long-horizon failure modes, each operationalized as a per-trace counter: instruction-adherence drift, treatment incompleteness, and a severity-equity gap in timeliness. We then introduce Asclepius, an adaptive agent scaffolding with a self-evolving harness that rewrites the operating manual between shifts from trace-level feedback, an externalized clinical skills library for high-stakes regimen knowledge, and three isolated subagents that partition per-turn decisions across the patient queue. On held-out batches never observed during harness evolution, Asclepius improves critical-action correctness by 22% (p = 0.024) over a strong baseline agent framework while preserving diagnostic accuracy, with consistent gains across five LLM judges from three model families; on the full ten-batch set, improvements reach 25% on critical actions and 13% on timeliness. The three failure modes form a coupled bottleneck: decisive reductions appear only when all three components act together.
%U https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-emnlp.2094/
%P 44611-44629

Markdown (Informal)

[Asclepius: An Adaptive Harness for Long-Horizon Clinical Agents](https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-emnlp.2094/) (Yuan et al., Findings 2026)

• Asclepius: An Adaptive Harness for Long-Horizon Clinical Agents (Yuan et al., Findings 2026)

ACL

• Grace Chang Yuan, Xiaoman Zhang, Sung Eun Kim, Luyang Luo, and Pranav Rajpurkar. 2026. Asclepius: An Adaptive Harness for Long-Horizon Clinical Agents. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2026, pages 44611–44629, Budapest, Hungary. Association for Computational Linguistics.