HERIT: Enabling Global Access to Hanja-to-English Historical Translation by Mitigating Temporal Bias

Dayeon Jeong, Kyeongpil Kang


Abstract
Historical archives are invaluable for multidisciplinary research but remain inaccessible globally due to severe language barriers. While manual translation is prohibitively expensive and time-consuming, simply applying existing machine translation models is inadequate due to unique linguistic nuances and the temporal bias inherent in scarce human-labeled corpora. To address these challenges, we propose HERIT, a systematic domain-adaptation pipeline that leverages retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to generate high-quality pseudo-labeled data from abundant Hanja-Korean corpora. This approach substantially expands the training dataset, mitigating both data scarcity and temporal overfitting across different historical periods. Extensive automated and human evaluations demonstrate that HERIT consistently outperforms baselines. Finally, we translate previously untranslated portions of the archives using our model, thereby enabling global access to these resources for researchers.
Anthology ID:
2026.findings-emnlp.2326
Volume:
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2026
Month:
October
Year:
2026
Address:
Budapest, Hungary
Editors:
Hung-Yi Lee, Sunipa Dev, Jessy Li, Desmond Elliott
Venue:
Findings
SIG:
SIGDAT
Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:
49937–49953
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-emnlp.2326/
DOI:
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Dayeon Jeong and Kyeongpil Kang. 2026. HERIT: Enabling Global Access to Hanja-to-English Historical Translation by Mitigating Temporal Bias. In Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2026, pages 49937–49953, Budapest, Hungary. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
HERIT: Enabling Global Access to Hanja-to-English Historical Translation by Mitigating Temporal Bias (Jeong & Kang, Findings 2026)
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PDF:
https://aclanthology.org/2026.findings-emnlp.2326.pdf