The GELATO Dataset for Legislative NER

Matthew Flynn; Timothy Obiso; Sam Newman

doi:10.63317/3axxkz9oh5th

The GELATO Dataset for Legislative NER

Matthew Flynn, Timothy Obiso, Sam Newman

Correct Metadata for

Use this form to create a GitHub issue with structured data describing the correction. You will need a GitHub account. Once you create that issue, the correction will be reviewed by a staff member.

⚠️ Mobile Users: Submitting this form to create a new issue will only work with github.com, not the GitHub Mobile app.

Important: The Anthology treat PDFs as authoritative. Please use this form only to correct data that is out of line with the PDF. See our corrections guidelines if you need to change the PDF.

Title Adjust the title. Retain tags such as <fixed-case>.

Authors Adjust author names and order to match the PDF.

Abstract Correct abstract if needed. Retain XML formatting tags such as <tex-math>. You may use ... for bold, ... for italic, ... for underline, <sc>...</sc> for small-caps, <tt>...<tt> for typewriter text, <url>...</url> for URLs, <a href=...> for hyperlinks, and <par/> for paragraph breaks.

Verification against PDF Ensure that the new title/authors match the snapshot below. (If there is no snapshot or it is too small, consult the external publication .)

Authors concatenated from the text boxes above:

ALL author names match the snapshot above—including middle initials, hyphens, and accents.

Abstract

This paper introduces GELATO (Government, Executive, Legislative, and Treaty Ontology), a dataset of U.S. House and Senate bills from the 118th Congress annotated using a novel two-level named entity recognition ontology designed for U.S. legislative texts. We fine-tune transformer-based models (BERT, RoBERTa) of different architectures and sizes on this dataset for first-level prediction. We then use LLMs with optimized prompts to complete the second level prediction. The strong performance of RoBERTa and relatively weak performance of BERT models, as well as the application of LLMs as second-level predictors, support future research in legislative NER or downstream tasks using these model combinations as extraction tools.

Anthology ID:: 2026.lrec-1.569
Volume:: Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference
Month:: May
Year:: 2026
Address:: Palma de Mallorca, Spain
Editors:: Stelios Piperidis, Núria Bel, Henk van den Heuvel, Nancy Ide, Simon Krek, Antonio Toral
Venue:: LREC
SIG:
Publisher:: ELRA Language Resource Association
Note:
Pages:: 7163–7177
Language:
External URL:: https://lrec.elra.info/lrec2026-main-569
DOI:: 10.63317/3axxkz9oh5th
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):: Matthew Flynn, Timothy Obiso, and Sam Newman. 2026. The GELATO Dataset for Legislative NER. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 7163–7177, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. ELRA Language Resource Association.
Cite (Informal):: The GELATO Dataset for Legislative NER (Flynn et al., LREC 2026)
Copy Citation:

External Cite Search Fix data

Export citation

BibTeX
MODS XML
Endnote
Preformatted

@inproceedings{flynn-etal-2026-gelato,
    title = "The {GELATO} Dataset for Legislative {NER}",
    author = "Flynn, Matthew  and
      Obiso, Timothy  and
      Newman, Sam",
    editor = "Piperidis, Stelios  and
      Bel, N{\'u}ria  and
      van den Heuvel, Henk  and
      Ide, Nancy  and
      Krek, Simon  and
      Toral, Antonio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference",
    month = may,
    year = "2026",
    address = "Palma de Mallorca, Spain",
    publisher = "ELRA Language Resource Association",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.569/",
    doi = "10.63317/3axxkz9oh5th",
    pages = "7163--7177",
    abstract = "This paper introduces GELATO (Government, Executive, Legislative, and Treaty Ontology), a dataset of U.S. House and Senate bills from the 118th Congress annotated using a novel two-level named entity recognition ontology designed for U.S. legislative texts. We fine-tune transformer-based models (BERT, RoBERTa) of different architectures and sizes on this dataset for first-level prediction. We then use LLMs with optimized prompts to complete the second level prediction. The strong performance of RoBERTa and relatively weak performance of BERT models, as well as the application of LLMs as second-level predictors, support future research in legislative NER or downstream tasks using these model combinations as extraction tools."
}

Download as File

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<modsCollection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
<mods ID="flynn-etal-2026-gelato">
    <titleInfo>
        <title>The GELATO Dataset for Legislative NER</title>
    </titleInfo>
    <name type="personal">
        <namePart type="given">Matthew</namePart>
        <namePart type="family">Flynn</namePart>
        <role>
            <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
        </role>
    </name>
    <name type="personal">
        <namePart type="given">Timothy</namePart>
        <namePart type="family">Obiso</namePart>
        <role>
            <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
        </role>
    </name>
    <name type="personal">
        <namePart type="given">Sam</namePart>
        <namePart type="family">Newman</namePart>
        <role>
            <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">author</roleTerm>
        </role>
    </name>
    <originInfo>
        <dateIssued>2026-05</dateIssued>
    </originInfo>
    <typeOfResource>text</typeOfResource>
    <relatedItem type="host">
        <titleInfo>
            <title>Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference</title>
        </titleInfo>
        <name type="personal">
            <namePart type="given">Stelios</namePart>
            <namePart type="family">Piperidis</namePart>
            <role>
                <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm>
            </role>
        </name>
        <name type="personal">
            <namePart type="given">Núria</namePart>
            <namePart type="family">Bel</namePart>
            <role>
                <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm>
            </role>
        </name>
        <name type="personal">
            <namePart type="given">Henk</namePart>
            <namePart type="family">van den Heuvel</namePart>
            <role>
                <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm>
            </role>
        </name>
        <name type="personal">
            <namePart type="given">Nancy</namePart>
            <namePart type="family">Ide</namePart>
            <role>
                <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm>
            </role>
        </name>
        <name type="personal">
            <namePart type="given">Simon</namePart>
            <namePart type="family">Krek</namePart>
            <role>
                <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm>
            </role>
        </name>
        <name type="personal">
            <namePart type="given">Antonio</namePart>
            <namePart type="family">Toral</namePart>
            <role>
                <roleTerm authority="marcrelator" type="text">editor</roleTerm>
            </role>
        </name>
        <originInfo>
            <publisher>ELRA Language Resource Association</publisher>
            <place>
                <placeTerm type="text">Palma de Mallorca, Spain</placeTerm>
            </place>
        </originInfo>
        <genre authority="marcgt">conference publication</genre>
    </relatedItem>
    <abstract>This paper introduces GELATO (Government, Executive, Legislative, and Treaty Ontology), a dataset of U.S. House and Senate bills from the 118th Congress annotated using a novel two-level named entity recognition ontology designed for U.S. legislative texts. We fine-tune transformer-based models (BERT, RoBERTa) of different architectures and sizes on this dataset for first-level prediction. We then use LLMs with optimized prompts to complete the second level prediction. The strong performance of RoBERTa and relatively weak performance of BERT models, as well as the application of LLMs as second-level predictors, support future research in legislative NER or downstream tasks using these model combinations as extraction tools.</abstract>
    <identifier type="citekey">flynn-etal-2026-gelato</identifier>
    <identifier type="doi">10.63317/3axxkz9oh5th</identifier>
    <location>
        <url>https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.569/</url>
    </location>
    <part>
        <date>2026-05</date>
        <extent unit="page">
            <start>7163</start>
            <end>7177</end>
        </extent>
    </part>
</mods>
</modsCollection>

Download as File

%0 Conference Proceedings
%T The GELATO Dataset for Legislative NER
%A Flynn, Matthew
%A Obiso, Timothy
%A Newman, Sam
%Y Piperidis, Stelios
%Y Bel, Núria
%Y van den Heuvel, Henk
%Y Ide, Nancy
%Y Krek, Simon
%Y Toral, Antonio
%S Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference
%D 2026
%8 May
%I ELRA Language Resource Association
%C Palma de Mallorca, Spain
%F flynn-etal-2026-gelato
%X This paper introduces GELATO (Government, Executive, Legislative, and Treaty Ontology), a dataset of U.S. House and Senate bills from the 118th Congress annotated using a novel two-level named entity recognition ontology designed for U.S. legislative texts. We fine-tune transformer-based models (BERT, RoBERTa) of different architectures and sizes on this dataset for first-level prediction. We then use LLMs with optimized prompts to complete the second level prediction. The strong performance of RoBERTa and relatively weak performance of BERT models, as well as the application of LLMs as second-level predictors, support future research in legislative NER or downstream tasks using these model combinations as extraction tools.
%R 10.63317/3axxkz9oh5th
%U https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.569/
%U https://doi.org/10.63317/3axxkz9oh5th
%P 7163-7177

Download as File

Markdown (Informal)

[The GELATO Dataset for Legislative NER](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.569/) (Flynn et al., LREC 2026)

The GELATO Dataset for Legislative NER (Flynn et al., LREC 2026)

ACL

Matthew Flynn, Timothy Obiso, and Sam Newman. 2026. The GELATO Dataset for Legislative NER. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 7163–7177, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. ELRA Language Resource Association.