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    <abstract>In language development, children learn to form Question–Answer (QA) sequences through caregiver feedback that adapts dynamically to their evolving linguistic abilities. Using expert annotated child-caregiver interaction, we examine four feedback types that guide children’s acquisition of adult-like QA behaviour: caregiver instructions through reformulating and affirming a child’s output as well as caregiver demonstrations through exemplifying and modelling adult-like behaviour. Our analysis reveals that feedback incidence, frequency and complexity progress and adapt over the course of development, akin to a tailored curriculum for pragmatic development. We release our annotated dataset which offers a rich resource for studying pragmatic feedback and provides the first large-scale empirical evidence of adaptive, tailored caregiver feedback on QA behaviour.</abstract>
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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T Pragmatic Modelling in Language Learning: Caregiver Question-Answer Feedback in Child-Directed Dialogue
%A Bala, Maryam
%A Heim, Johannes
%A Edelstein, Elspeth
%A Sinclair, Arabella
%Y Piperidis, Stelios
%Y Bel, Núria
%Y van den Heuvel, Henk
%Y Ide, Nancy
%Y Krek, Simon
%Y Toral, Antonio
%S Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference
%D 2026
%8 May
%I ELRA Language Resource Association
%C Palma de Mallorca, Spain
%F bala-etal-2026-pragmatic
%X In language development, children learn to form Question–Answer (QA) sequences through caregiver feedback that adapts dynamically to their evolving linguistic abilities. Using expert annotated child-caregiver interaction, we examine four feedback types that guide children’s acquisition of adult-like QA behaviour: caregiver instructions through reformulating and affirming a child’s output as well as caregiver demonstrations through exemplifying and modelling adult-like behaviour. Our analysis reveals that feedback incidence, frequency and complexity progress and adapt over the course of development, akin to a tailored curriculum for pragmatic development. We release our annotated dataset which offers a rich resource for studying pragmatic feedback and provides the first large-scale empirical evidence of adaptive, tailored caregiver feedback on QA behaviour.
%R 10.63317/4g9ggjcrgfax
%U https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.897/
%U https://doi.org/10.63317/4g9ggjcrgfax
%P 11461-11478

Markdown (Informal)

[Pragmatic Modelling in Language Learning: Caregiver Question-Answer Feedback in Child-Directed Dialogue](https://aclanthology.org/2026.lrec-1.897/) (Bala et al., LREC 2026)

• Pragmatic Modelling in Language Learning: Caregiver Question-Answer Feedback in Child-Directed Dialogue (Bala et al., LREC 2026)

ACL

• Maryam Bala, Johannes Heim, Elspeth Edelstein, and Arabella Sinclair. 2026. Pragmatic Modelling in Language Learning: Caregiver Question-Answer Feedback in Child-Directed Dialogue. In Proceedings of the Fifteenth Language Resources and Evaluation Conference, pages 11461–11478, Palma de Mallorca, Spain. ELRA Language Resource Association.