Evaluating LLMs on Explicit Knowledge of Italian Legal Concepts

Mattia Proietti; Lucia Passaro; Alessandro Lenci

Evaluating LLMs on Explicit Knowledge of Italian Legal Concepts

Mattia Proietti, Lucia Passaro, Alessandro Lenci

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Abstract

Despite their growing usage in downstream applications, LLMs remain under-evaluated in specialized non-English domains such as healthcare, finance, and law. This creates gaps not only in linguistic assessment, but also in the evaluation of language-specific technical knowledge, calling for high-quality resources tailored to narrow domains. We address the evaluation gap of LLMs’ Explicit Knowledge of Italian Legal Concepts, introducing a set of evaluation resources derived from institutional and expert-crafted sources, and specifically aimed at assessing Italian Legal knowledge across various subdomains. We organize these resources around three tasks targeting both generative and discriminative LLMs abilities and evaluate diverse frontier and small open models, both Italian-specific and general-purpose, across multiple metrics and settings.

Anthology ID:: 2026.nllp-1.44
Volume:: Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2026
Month:: October
Year:: 2026
Address:: Budapest, Hungary
Editors:: Nikolaos Aletras, Ilias Chalkidis, Leslie Barrett, Cătălina Goanță, Daniel Preoțiuc-Pietro, Gerasimos Spanakis, Shanshan Xu
Venues:: NLLP | WS
SIG:
Publisher:: Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:: 535–547
Language:
URL:: https://aclanthology.org/2026.nllp-1.44/
DOI:
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):: Mattia Proietti, Lucia Passaro, and Alessandro Lenci. 2026. Evaluating LLMs on Explicit Knowledge of Italian Legal Concepts. In Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2026, pages 535–547, Budapest, Hungary. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):: Evaluating LLMs on Explicit Knowledge of Italian Legal Concepts (Proietti et al., NLLP 2026)
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PDF:: https://aclanthology.org/2026.nllp-1.44.pdf

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@inproceedings{proietti-etal-2026-evaluating,
    title = "Evaluating {LLM}s on Explicit Knowledge of {I}talian Legal Concepts",
    author = "Proietti, Mattia  and
      Passaro, Lucia  and
      Lenci, Alessandro",
    editor = "Aletras, Nikolaos  and
      Chalkidis, Ilias  and
      Barrett, Leslie  and
      Goanț{\u{a}}, C{\u{a}}t{\u{a}}lina  and
      Preoțiuc-Pietro, Daniel  and
      Spanakis, Gerasimos  and
      Xu, Shanshan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2026",
    month = oct,
    year = "2026",
    address = "Budapest, Hungary",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.nllp-1.44/",
    pages = "535--547",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-494-1",
    abstract = "Despite their growing usage in downstream applications, LLMs remain under-evaluated in specialized non-English domains such as healthcare, finance, and law. This creates gaps not only in linguistic assessment, but also in the evaluation of language-specific technical knowledge, calling for high-quality resources tailored to narrow domains. We address the evaluation gap of LLMs' Explicit Knowledge of Italian Legal Concepts, introducing a set of evaluation resources derived from institutional and expert-crafted sources, and specifically aimed at assessing Italian Legal knowledge across various subdomains. We organize these resources around three tasks targeting both generative and discriminative LLMs abilities and evaluate diverse frontier and small open models, both Italian-specific and general-purpose, across multiple metrics and settings."
}

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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T Evaluating LLMs on Explicit Knowledge of Italian Legal Concepts
%A Proietti, Mattia
%A Passaro, Lucia
%A Lenci, Alessandro
%Y Aletras, Nikolaos
%Y Chalkidis, Ilias
%Y Barrett, Leslie
%Y Goanță, Cătălina
%Y Preoțiuc-Pietro, Daniel
%Y Spanakis, Gerasimos
%Y Xu, Shanshan
%S Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2026
%D 2026
%8 October
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C Budapest, Hungary
%@ 979-8-89176-494-1
%F proietti-etal-2026-evaluating
%X Despite their growing usage in downstream applications, LLMs remain under-evaluated in specialized non-English domains such as healthcare, finance, and law. This creates gaps not only in linguistic assessment, but also in the evaluation of language-specific technical knowledge, calling for high-quality resources tailored to narrow domains. We address the evaluation gap of LLMs’ Explicit Knowledge of Italian Legal Concepts, introducing a set of evaluation resources derived from institutional and expert-crafted sources, and specifically aimed at assessing Italian Legal knowledge across various subdomains. We organize these resources around three tasks targeting both generative and discriminative LLMs abilities and evaluate diverse frontier and small open models, both Italian-specific and general-purpose, across multiple metrics and settings.
%U https://aclanthology.org/2026.nllp-1.44/
%P 535-547

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Markdown (Informal)

[Evaluating LLMs on Explicit Knowledge of Italian Legal Concepts](https://aclanthology.org/2026.nllp-1.44/) (Proietti et al., NLLP 2026)

Evaluating LLMs on Explicit Knowledge of Italian Legal Concepts (Proietti et al., NLLP 2026)

ACL

Mattia Proietti, Lucia Passaro, and Alessandro Lenci. 2026. Evaluating LLMs on Explicit Knowledge of Italian Legal Concepts. In Proceedings of the Natural Legal Language Processing Workshop 2026, pages 535–547, Budapest, Hungary. Association for Computational Linguistics.