A Measure of Systematic Disagreement

Valerio Basile

doi:10.63317/45wnhb2svtqd

A Measure of Systematic Disagreement

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Abstract

We introduce a new metric that quantifies the extent of systematicity of the disagreement between annotators. The metric, called σ, is inspired by Structural Balance Theory and it approximates the clusterability of the annotators of a dataset. Paired with a standard metric of inter-annotator agreement such as Krippendorffs α, σ measures the amount of disagreement which stems from genuine subjective factors as opposed to the amount of disagreement caused by inner features of the annotation task. The metric is applied to over twenty datasets encoding a broad variety of annotations, showing its effectiveness in capturing the systematicity of annotator disagreement and its explanatory value.

Anthology ID:: 2026.nlperspectives-1.6
Volume:: Proceedings of the the fifth edition of NLPerspectives
Month:: May
Year:: 2026
Address:: Palma, Mallorca (Spain)
Editors:: Shiran Dudy, Gavin Abercrombie, Valerio Basile, Elisa Leonardelli, Simona Frenda
Venues:: NLPerspectives | WS
SIG:
Publisher:: ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA)
Note:
Pages:: 56–65
Language:
External URL:: https://lrec.elra.info/lrec2026-ws-nlperspectives-06
DOI:: 10.63317/45wnhb2svtqd
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):: Valerio Basile. 2026. A Measure of Systematic Disagreement. In Proceedings of the the fifth edition of NLPerspectives, pages 56–65, Palma, Mallorca (Spain). ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA).
Cite (Informal):: A Measure of Systematic Disagreement (Basile, NLPerspectives 2026)
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@inproceedings{basile-2026-measure,
    title = "A Measure of Systematic Disagreement",
    author = "Basile, Valerio",
    editor = "Dudy, Shiran  and
      Abercrombie, Gavin  and
      Basile, Valerio  and
      Leonardelli, Elisa  and
      Frenda, Simona",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the the fifth edition of {NLP}erspectives",
    month = may,
    year = "2026",
    address = "Palma, Mallorca (Spain)",
    publisher = "ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA)",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.nlperspectives-1.6/",
    doi = "10.63317/45wnhb2svtqd",
    pages = "56--65",
    abstract = "We introduce a new metric that quantifies the extent of systematicity of the disagreement between annotators. The metric, called {\ensuremath{\sigma}}, is inspired by Structural Balance Theory and it approximates the clusterability of the annotators of a dataset. Paired with a standard metric of inter-annotator agreement such as Krippendorffs {\ensuremath{\alpha}}, {\ensuremath{\sigma}} measures the amount of disagreement which stems from genuine subjective factors as opposed to the amount of disagreement caused by inner features of the annotation task. The metric is applied to over twenty datasets encoding a broad variety of annotations, showing its effectiveness in capturing the systematicity of annotator disagreement and its explanatory value."
}

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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T A Measure of Systematic Disagreement
%A Basile, Valerio
%Y Dudy, Shiran
%Y Abercrombie, Gavin
%Y Basile, Valerio
%Y Leonardelli, Elisa
%Y Frenda, Simona
%S Proceedings of the the fifth edition of NLPerspectives
%D 2026
%8 May
%I ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA)
%C Palma, Mallorca (Spain)
%F basile-2026-measure
%X We introduce a new metric that quantifies the extent of systematicity of the disagreement between annotators. The metric, called \ensuremathσ, is inspired by Structural Balance Theory and it approximates the clusterability of the annotators of a dataset. Paired with a standard metric of inter-annotator agreement such as Krippendorffs \ensuremathα, \ensuremathσ measures the amount of disagreement which stems from genuine subjective factors as opposed to the amount of disagreement caused by inner features of the annotation task. The metric is applied to over twenty datasets encoding a broad variety of annotations, showing its effectiveness in capturing the systematicity of annotator disagreement and its explanatory value.
%R 10.63317/45wnhb2svtqd
%U https://aclanthology.org/2026.nlperspectives-1.6/
%U https://doi.org/10.63317/45wnhb2svtqd
%P 56-65

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Markdown (Informal)

[A Measure of Systematic Disagreement](https://aclanthology.org/2026.nlperspectives-1.6/) (Basile, NLPerspectives 2026)

A Measure of Systematic Disagreement (Basile, NLPerspectives 2026)

ACL

Valerio Basile. 2026. A Measure of Systematic Disagreement. In Proceedings of the the fifth edition of NLPerspectives, pages 56–65, Palma, Mallorca (Spain). ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA).