Negation-Aware Data Augmentation for Portuguese Natural Language Inference

Maria Cecília M. Corrêa; Felipe S. F. Paula; Matheus Westhelle; Viviane P. Moreira

Negation-Aware Data Augmentation for Portuguese Natural Language Inference

Maria Cecília M. Corrêa, Felipe S. F. Paula, Matheus Westhelle, Viviane P. Moreira

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Abstract

Negation plays a fundamental role in human communication and logical reasoning, yet it remains underrepresented in natural language inference (NLI) datasets. This work investigates the impact of targeted data augmentation using negation cues on the main NLI datasets for Portuguese (InferBR, ASSIN and ASSIN2). By synthetically generating new instances with negated hypotheses, we create more diverse training and test sets. A BERT-based model was fine-tuned and tested on the combined datasets and augmented data. The results show that the model was heavily influenced by the bias in the use of negation, and increased data diversity improves the model’s handling of negation.

Anthology ID:: 2026.propor-1.14
Volume:: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Processing of Portuguese (PROPOR 2026) - Vol. 1
Month:: April
Year:: 2026
Address:: Salvador, Brazil
Editors:: Marlo Souza, Iria de-Dios-Flores, Diana Santos, Larissa Freitas, Jackson Wilke da Cruz Souza, Eugénio Ribeiro
Venue:: PROPOR
SIG:
Publisher:: Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:: 141–150
Language:
URL:: https://aclanthology.org/2026.propor-1.14/
DOI:
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):: Maria Cecília M. Corrêa, Felipe S. F. Paula, Matheus Westhelle, and Viviane P. Moreira. 2026. Negation-Aware Data Augmentation for Portuguese Natural Language Inference. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Processing of Portuguese (PROPOR 2026) - Vol. 1, pages 141–150, Salvador, Brazil. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):: Negation-Aware Data Augmentation for Portuguese Natural Language Inference (Corrêa et al., PROPOR 2026)
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PDF:: https://aclanthology.org/2026.propor-1.14.pdf

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@inproceedings{correa-etal-2026-negation,
    title = "Negation-Aware Data Augmentation for {P}ortuguese Natural Language Inference",
    author = "Corr{\^e}a, Maria Cec{\'i}lia M.  and
      Paula, Felipe S. F.  and
      Westhelle, Matheus  and
      Moreira, Viviane P.",
    editor = "Souza, Marlo  and
      de-Dios-Flores, Iria  and
      Santos, Diana  and
      Freitas, Larissa  and
      Souza, Jackson Wilke da Cruz  and
      Ribeiro, Eug{\'e}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Processing of {P}ortuguese ({PROPOR} 2026) - Vol. 1",
    month = apr,
    year = "2026",
    address = "Salvador, Brazil",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.propor-1.14/",
    pages = "141--150",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-387-6",
    abstract = "Negation plays a fundamental role in human communication and logical reasoning, yet it remains underrepresented in natural language inference (NLI) datasets. This work investigates the impact of targeted data augmentation using negation cues on the main NLI datasets for Portuguese (InferBR, ASSIN and ASSIN2). By synthetically generating new instances with negated hypotheses, we create more diverse training and test sets. A BERT-based model was fine-tuned and tested on the combined datasets and augmented data. The results show that the model was heavily influenced by the bias in the use of negation, and increased data diversity improves the model{'}s handling of negation."
}

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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T Negation-Aware Data Augmentation for Portuguese Natural Language Inference
%A Corrêa, Maria Cecília M.
%A Paula, Felipe S. F.
%A Westhelle, Matheus
%A Moreira, Viviane P.
%Y Souza, Marlo
%Y de-Dios-Flores, Iria
%Y Santos, Diana
%Y Freitas, Larissa
%Y Souza, Jackson Wilke da Cruz
%Y Ribeiro, Eugénio
%S Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Processing of Portuguese (PROPOR 2026) - Vol. 1
%D 2026
%8 April
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C Salvador, Brazil
%@ 979-8-89176-387-6
%F correa-etal-2026-negation
%X Negation plays a fundamental role in human communication and logical reasoning, yet it remains underrepresented in natural language inference (NLI) datasets. This work investigates the impact of targeted data augmentation using negation cues on the main NLI datasets for Portuguese (InferBR, ASSIN and ASSIN2). By synthetically generating new instances with negated hypotheses, we create more diverse training and test sets. A BERT-based model was fine-tuned and tested on the combined datasets and augmented data. The results show that the model was heavily influenced by the bias in the use of negation, and increased data diversity improves the model’s handling of negation.
%U https://aclanthology.org/2026.propor-1.14/
%P 141-150

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Markdown (Informal)

[Negation-Aware Data Augmentation for Portuguese Natural Language Inference](https://aclanthology.org/2026.propor-1.14/) (Corrêa et al., PROPOR 2026)

Negation-Aware Data Augmentation for Portuguese Natural Language Inference (Corrêa et al., PROPOR 2026)

ACL

Maria Cecília M. Corrêa, Felipe S. F. Paula, Matheus Westhelle, and Viviane P. Moreira. 2026. Negation-Aware Data Augmentation for Portuguese Natural Language Inference. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Processing of Portuguese (PROPOR 2026) - Vol. 1, pages 141–150, Salvador, Brazil. Association for Computational Linguistics.