Analysing LLMs for spelling normalization of 18th century Portuguese

Helena Freire Cameron; Aline Paes; Fernanda Olival; Renata Vieira

Analysing LLMs for spelling normalization of 18th century Portuguese

Helena Freire Cameron, Aline Paes, Fernanda Olival, Renata Vieira

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Abstract

This paper presents an evaluation of large language models (LLMs) applied to the task of normalizing eighteenth-century written texts. Several LLMs were employed to process texts in pre-contemporary spellings and update them according to contemporary Portuguese orthography. Their outputs were rigorously compared against a curated reference corpus. The findings indicate marked disparities in model performance, with the Portuguese-specialized model Sabiá demonstrating a statistically significant advantage over multilingual alternatives.

Anthology ID:: 2026.propor-1.49
Volume:: Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Processing of Portuguese (PROPOR 2026) - Vol. 1
Month:: April
Year:: 2026
Address:: Salvador, Brazil
Editors:: Marlo Souza, Iria de-Dios-Flores, Diana Santos, Larissa Freitas, Jackson Wilke da Cruz Souza, Eugénio Ribeiro
Venue:: PROPOR
SIG:
Publisher:: Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:: 498–506
Language:
URL:: https://aclanthology.org/2026.propor-1.49/
DOI:
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):: Helena Freire Cameron, Aline Paes, Fernanda Olival, and Renata Vieira. 2026. Analysing LLMs for spelling normalization of 18th century Portuguese. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Processing of Portuguese (PROPOR 2026) - Vol. 1, pages 498–506, Salvador, Brazil. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):: Analysing LLMs for spelling normalization of 18th century Portuguese (Cameron et al., PROPOR 2026)
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PDF:: https://aclanthology.org/2026.propor-1.49.pdf

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@inproceedings{cameron-etal-2026-analysing,
    title = "Analysing {LLM}s for spelling normalization of 18th century {P}ortuguese",
    author = "Cameron, Helena Freire  and
      Paes, Aline  and
      Olival, Fernanda  and
      Vieira, Renata",
    editor = "Souza, Marlo  and
      de-Dios-Flores, Iria  and
      Santos, Diana  and
      Freitas, Larissa  and
      Souza, Jackson Wilke da Cruz  and
      Ribeiro, Eug{\'e}nio",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Processing of {P}ortuguese ({PROPOR} 2026) - Vol. 1",
    month = apr,
    year = "2026",
    address = "Salvador, Brazil",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2026.propor-1.49/",
    pages = "498--506",
    ISBN = "979-8-89176-387-6",
    abstract = "This paper presents an evaluation of large language models (LLMs) applied to the task of normalizing eighteenth-century written texts. Several LLMs were employed to process texts in pre-contemporary spellings and update them according to contemporary Portuguese orthography. Their outputs were rigorously compared against a curated reference corpus. The findings indicate marked disparities in model performance, with the Portuguese-specialized model Sabi{\'a} demonstrating a statistically significant advantage over multilingual alternatives."
}

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%0 Conference Proceedings
%T Analysing LLMs for spelling normalization of 18th century Portuguese
%A Cameron, Helena Freire
%A Paes, Aline
%A Olival, Fernanda
%A Vieira, Renata
%Y Souza, Marlo
%Y de-Dios-Flores, Iria
%Y Santos, Diana
%Y Freitas, Larissa
%Y Souza, Jackson Wilke da Cruz
%Y Ribeiro, Eugénio
%S Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Processing of Portuguese (PROPOR 2026) - Vol. 1
%D 2026
%8 April
%I Association for Computational Linguistics
%C Salvador, Brazil
%@ 979-8-89176-387-6
%F cameron-etal-2026-analysing
%X This paper presents an evaluation of large language models (LLMs) applied to the task of normalizing eighteenth-century written texts. Several LLMs were employed to process texts in pre-contemporary spellings and update them according to contemporary Portuguese orthography. Their outputs were rigorously compared against a curated reference corpus. The findings indicate marked disparities in model performance, with the Portuguese-specialized model Sabiá demonstrating a statistically significant advantage over multilingual alternatives.
%U https://aclanthology.org/2026.propor-1.49/
%P 498-506

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Markdown (Informal)

[Analysing LLMs for spelling normalization of 18th century Portuguese](https://aclanthology.org/2026.propor-1.49/) (Cameron et al., PROPOR 2026)

Analysing LLMs for spelling normalization of 18th century Portuguese (Cameron et al., PROPOR 2026)

ACL

Helena Freire Cameron, Aline Paes, Fernanda Olival, and Renata Vieira. 2026. Analysing LLMs for spelling normalization of 18th century Portuguese. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Computational Processing of Portuguese (PROPOR 2026) - Vol. 1, pages 498–506, Salvador, Brazil. Association for Computational Linguistics.