Reclaiming African Voices: Surveying Indigenous Writing Systems for Inclusive NLP

Mamady Traore, Ngoc Tan Le, Fatiha Sadat


Abstract
Multilingual NLP has expanded rapidly through large-scale pretraining and cross-lingual transfer, yet this progress remains structurally uneven across writing systems. This survey reframes multilingual NLP around scripts rather than languages, arguing that writing systems constitute an under-theorized axis of computational inequality. Focusing on African scripts — Indigenous (Vai, Ge’ez, Tifinagh), modern (ADLaM, N’Ko), and adapted Arabic-based (Ajami)—we analyze how script properties interact with digital infrastructure, tokenization, and downstream task performance. We organize the literature across four analytical layers: infrastructural (Unicode and input systems), representational (segmentation efficiency and vocabulary allocation), functional (task-level disparities), and epistemic (evaluation bias and the “low-resource” framing). Synthesizing evidence from 47 studies, we show that performance gaps across scripts arise primarily from engineering design choices rather than intrinsic linguistic complexity. We conclude by outlining a research agenda for native multiscript foundation models, including script-aware scaling laws, tokenizer equity metrics, and evaluation reform. We argue that multiscript equity is not a peripheral concern but a structural precondition for genuine multilingual inclusion
Anthology ID:
2026.rail-1.10
Volume:
Proceedings of Resources for African Indigenous Languages (RAIL) 2026 @ LREC 2026
Month:
May
Year:
2026
Address:
Palma, Mallorca (Spain)
Editors:
Muzi Matfunjwa, Mmasibidi Setaka, Rooweither Mabuya, Menno van Zaanen
Venues:
RAIL | WS
SIG:
Publisher:
ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA)
Note:
Pages:
96–106
Language:
External URL:
https://lrec.elra.info/lrec2026-ws-rail-10
DOI:
10.63317/2zgo4ih7o2ch
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Mamady Traore, Ngoc Tan Le, and Fatiha Sadat. 2026. Reclaiming African Voices: Surveying Indigenous Writing Systems for Inclusive NLP. In Proceedings of Resources for African Indigenous Languages (RAIL) 2026 @ LREC 2026, pages 96–106, Palma, Mallorca (Spain). ELRA Language Resources Association (ELRA).
Cite (Informal):
Reclaiming African Voices: Surveying Indigenous Writing Systems for Inclusive NLP (Traore et al., RAIL 2026)
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