On the Structure of Address in Multi-Party Dialogue: From Discrete Labels to Continuous Levels

Taiga Mori, Koji Inoue, Divesh Lala, Tatsuya Kawahara


Abstract
In multi-party dialogues between a dialogue system and multiple users, identifying to whom an utterance is addressed is a key challenge. Prior work has typically treated addressee detection as a multi-class classification task, selecting a single label representing an individual participant or the group. This formulation assumes that address is inherently discrete and has primarily been used for predicting turn-taking. In this paper, we revisit this assumption by analyzing address as a continuous phenomenon. Using a multi-party human dialogue corpus annotated by multiple annotators, we construct both binary address labels derived from majority-vote addressee labels and continuous address levels inferred from annotator judgments using a latent-variable model. We then examine how these representations relate to turn-taking as well as listener behaviors, including gaze and backchannels. Our results show that, in addition to turn-taking, both gaze and backchannels are associated with address. Furthermore, models using continuous address levels achieve better predictive fit than those using discrete labels, suggesting that address may exhibit graded structure. Finally, we discuss the future directions of addressee detection research based on the findings of this study.
Anthology ID:
2026.sigdial-1.47
Volume:
Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue
Month:
August
Year:
2026
Address:
Atlanta, Georgia, USA
Editors:
Jinho D. Choi, Yun-Nung Chen, Kotaro Funakoshi, Ali Emami
Venue:
SIGDIAL
SIG:
SIGDIAL
Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:
668–679
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/2026.sigdial-1.47/
DOI:
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Taiga Mori, Koji Inoue, Divesh Lala, and Tatsuya Kawahara. 2026. On the Structure of Address in Multi-Party Dialogue: From Discrete Labels to Continuous Levels. In Proceedings of the 27th Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue, pages 668–679, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
On the Structure of Address in Multi-Party Dialogue: From Discrete Labels to Continuous Levels (Mori et al., SIGDIAL 2026)
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PDF:
https://aclanthology.org/2026.sigdial-1.47.pdf