A Character-Level Machine Translation Approach for Normalization of SMS Abbreviations Deana Pennell author Yang Liu author 2011-11 text Proceedings of 5th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing Haifeng Wang editor David Yarowsky editor Asian Federation of Natural Language Processing Chiang Mai, Thailand conference publication pennell-liu-2011-character https://aclanthology.org/I11-1109/ 2011-11 974 982