From Phonology to Syntax: Unsupervised Linguistic Typology at Different Levels with Language Embeddings

Johannes Bjerva, Isabelle Augenstein


Abstract
A core part of linguistic typology is the classification of languages according to linguistic properties, such as those detailed in the World Atlas of Language Structure (WALS). Doing this manually is prohibitively time-consuming, which is in part evidenced by the fact that only 100 out of over 7,000 languages spoken in the world are fully covered in WALS. We learn distributed language representations, which can be used to predict typological properties on a massively multilingual scale. Additionally, quantitative and qualitative analyses of these language embeddings can tell us how language similarities are encoded in NLP models for tasks at different typological levels. The representations are learned in an unsupervised manner alongside tasks at three typological levels: phonology (grapheme-to-phoneme prediction, and phoneme reconstruction), morphology (morphological inflection), and syntax (part-of-speech tagging). We consider more than 800 languages and find significant differences in the language representations encoded, depending on the target task. For instance, although Norwegian Bokmål and Danish are typologically close to one another, they are phonologically distant, which is reflected in their language embeddings growing relatively distant in a phonological task. We are also able to predict typological features in WALS with high accuracies, even for unseen language families.
Anthology ID:
N18-1083
Volume:
Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers)
Month:
June
Year:
2018
Address:
New Orleans, Louisiana
Editors:
Marilyn Walker, Heng Ji, Amanda Stent
Venue:
NAACL
SIG:
Publisher:
Association for Computational Linguistics
Note:
Pages:
907–916
Language:
URL:
https://aclanthology.org/N18-1083
DOI:
10.18653/v1/N18-1083
Bibkey:
Cite (ACL):
Johannes Bjerva and Isabelle Augenstein. 2018. From Phonology to Syntax: Unsupervised Linguistic Typology at Different Levels with Language Embeddings. In Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers), pages 907–916, New Orleans, Louisiana. Association for Computational Linguistics.
Cite (Informal):
From Phonology to Syntax: Unsupervised Linguistic Typology at Different Levels with Language Embeddings (Bjerva & Augenstein, NAACL 2018)
Copy Citation:
PDF:
https://aclanthology.org/N18-1083.pdf
Software:
 N18-1083.Software.zip
Data
Universal Dependencies