Insertion, Deletion, or Substitution? Normalizing Text Messages without Pre-categorization nor Supervision Fei Liu author Fuliang Weng author Bingqing Wang author Yang Liu author 2011-06 text Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies Dekang Lin editor Yuji Matsumoto editor Rada Mihalcea editor Association for Computational Linguistics Portland, Oregon, USA conference publication liu-etal-2011-insertion https://aclanthology.org/P11-2013/ 2011-06 71 76