@inproceedings{zhai-etal-2019-improving,
    title = "Improving Chemical Named Entity Recognition in Patents with Contextualized Word Embeddings",
    author = "Zhai, Zenan  and
      Nguyen, Dat Quoc  and
      Akhondi, Saber  and
      Thorne, Camilo  and
      Druckenbrodt, Christian  and
      Cohn, Trevor  and
      Gregory, Michelle  and
      Verspoor, Karin",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 18th BioNLP Workshop and Shared Task",
    month = aug,
    year = "2019",
    address = "Florence, Italy",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/W19-5035",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/W19-5035",
    pages = "328--338",
    abstract = "Chemical patents are an important resource for chemical information. However, few chemical Named Entity Recognition (NER) systems have been evaluated on patent documents, due in part to their structural and linguistic complexity. In this paper, we explore the NER performance of a BiLSTM-CRF model utilising pre-trained word embeddings, character-level word representations and contextualized ELMo word representations for chemical patents. We compare word embeddings pre-trained on biomedical and chemical patent corpora. The effect of tokenizers optimized for the chemical domain on NER performance in chemical patents is also explored. The results on two patent corpora show that contextualized word representations generated from ELMo substantially improve chemical NER performance w.r.t. the current state-of-the-art. We also show that domain-specific resources such as word embeddings trained on chemical patents and chemical-specific tokenizers, have a positive impact on NER performance.",
}