@InProceedings{novikova-EtAl:2017:RoboNLP,
  author    = {Novikova, Jekaterina  and  Dondrup, Christian  and  Papaioannou, Ioannis  and  Lemon, Oliver},
  title     = {Sympathy Begins with a Smile, Intelligence Begins with a Word: Use of Multimodal Features in Spoken Human-Robot Interaction},
  booktitle = {Proceedings of the First Workshop on Language Grounding for Robotics},
  month     = {August},
  year      = {2017},
  address   = {Vancouver, Canada},
  publisher = {Association for Computational Linguistics},
  pages     = {86--94},
  abstract  = {Recognition of social signals, coming from human facial expressions or prosody
	of human speech, is a popular research topic in human-robot interaction
	studies. There is also a long line of research in the spoken dialogue community
	that investigates user satisfaction in relation to dialogue characteristics.
	However, very little research relates a combination of multimodal social
	signals and language features detected during spoken face-to-face human-robot
	interaction to the resulting user perception of a robot. In this paper we show
	how different emotional facial expressions of human users, in combination with
	prosodic characteristics of human speech and features of human-robot dialogue,
	correlate with users’ impressions of the robot after a conversation. We find
	that happiness in the user’s recognised facial expression strongly correlates
	with likeability of a robot, while dialogue-related features (such as number of
	human turns or number of sentences per robot utterance) correlate with
	perceiving a robot as intelligent. In addition, we show that the facial
	expression emotional features and prosody are better predictors of
	human ratings related to perceived robot likeability and anthropomorphism,
	while linguistic and non-linguistic features more often predict perceived robot
	intelligence and interpretability. As such, these characteristics may in future
	be used as an online reward signal for in-situ Reinforcement Learning-based
	adaptive human-robot dialogue systems.},
  url       = {http://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W17-2811}
}