title	keyword	authors	venue	type	year	access	ee	Contains GBV (yes/no)	Targets	"HS Source (Crawling, Crowdsourcing, Nichesourcing, Hybrid, Fully automated)"	"CS Source (Crawling, Crowdsourcing, Nichesourcing, Hybrid, Fully automated)"	Human input involved (yes/no)	"If human input involved, what task?"	Stakeholder involvement (Yes/No) with details	Language	"Discourse level (dialogue, pairs, just CS)"
#DistractinglySexy: How Social Media was used as a Counter Narrative on Gender in STEM.	counter narrative	"Emily Tetzlaff,Emily Jago,Ann Pegoraro,Tammy Eger"	SMSociety	Conference and Workshop Papers	2017	closed	https://doi.org/10.1145/3097286.3097306	Yes	Women in STEM 	N/A	Crawling 	Yes	Validate CS	No (unspecified)	English	Just CS images
A LLM-based Ranking Method for the Evaluation of Automatic Counter-Narrative Generation.	counter narrative	"Irune Zubiaga,Aitor Soroa,Rodrigo Agerri"	EMNLP	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://aclanthology.org/2024.findings-emnlp.559	Yes	"Individuals with disabilities, Jewish people, the LGBT+ community, migrants, Muslims, people of color, women, and other marginalized groups"	"Existing dataset (CONAN, Multi-Target CONAN)"	"Existing dataset (CONAN, Multi-Target CONAN) + Automated generation"	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (unspecified)	English	pairs
A Multi-Agent Parallel Management Method for Decision-Making in Countering Hate Speech.	"counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Zhuoya Ju,Haiyang Wang,Qiang Li,Wenhua Liu,Jiaqi Han,Ping Li"	DTPI	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	closed	https://doi.org/10.1109/DTPI61353.2024.10778840	Yes	"LGBT+, migrants, Muslims, Jews, people of color (POC), and women"	Existing dataset (DIALOCONAN)	Existing dataset (DIALOCONAN) + Automated generation	No	No	No (no human input)	English	dialogue
A Multi-Aspect Framework for Counter Narrative Evaluation using Large Language Models.	counter narrative	"Jaylen Jones,Lingbo Mo,Eric Fosler-Lussier,Huan Sun 0001"	NAACL	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.naacl-short.14	Unspecified	Unspecified	Existing dataset (Multi-Target CONAN)	Existing dataset (Multi-Target CONAN) + Automated generation	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	Possibly (crowdworkers)	English	pairs
A Quantitative and Content-Based Approach for Evaluating the Impact of Counter Narratives on Affective Polarization in Online Discussions.	"counter narrative, counter-narratives"	"Dario Borrelli,Luca Iandoli,Jose Emmanuel Ramirez-Marquez,Carlo Lipizzi"	IEEE Trans. Comput. Soc. Syst.	Journal Articles	2022	closed	https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSS.2021.3094775	No	Discriminatory speech against minorties in European soccer leagues	Crawling	Crawling	No	No	No (no human input)	English	single instances of hate speech and counterspeech
Alternative Speech: Complementary Method to Counter-Narrative for Better Discourse.	"counter narrative, counter speech, counter-speech"	"Seungyoon Lee,Dahyun Jung,Chanjun Park,Seolhwa Lee,Heuiseok Lim"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.14616	Yes 	"JEWS, OVERWEIGHT, LGBT+, MUSLIM, WOMEN, and PEOPLE OF COLOR"	Existing dataset (Multi-Target CONAN)	Human annotation	Yes	Validate CS +  Annotate/Evaluate CS	Possibly (people online 6+ hrs/day)	English	pairs
Analyzing the hate and counter speech accounts on Twitter.	"counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Binny Mathew,Navish Kumar,Ravina,Pawan Goyal 0002,Animesh Mukherjee 0001"	CoRR - published at ICDMW	Informal and Other Publications	2018	open	http://arxiv.org/abs/1812.02712	Yes	"Gender: Men, Women, Female; + Ethnicity, Physical Trait, Sexual Orientation, Nationality, Religion"	Crawling	Crawling	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (unspecified)	English	pairs
Assessing the Human Likeness of AI-Generated Counterspeech.	counterspeech	"Xiaoying Song,Sujana Mamidisetty,Eduardo Blanco 0002,Lingzi Hong"	COLING	Conference and Workshop Papers	2025	open	https://aclanthology.org/2025.coling-main.239/	Unspecified	Unspecified	Crawling	"Existing dataset (CONAN, Multi-Target CONAN, Benchmark) + Crawling"	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (academics)	English	pairs
Automatic counter-narrative generation for hate speech in Spanish.	"counter narrative, counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"María Estrella Vallecillo Rodríguez,Arturo Montejo-Ráez,María Teresa Martín Valdivia"	Proces. del Leng. Natural	Journal Articles	2023	open	http://journal.sepln.org/sepln/ojs/ojs/index.php/pln/article/view/6556	Yes 	"Antisemitism, Islamophobia, Racism, Homophobia,Misogyny"	Existing dataset (MTKGCONAN)	Existing dataset (MTKGCONAN)	Yes	Edit MT HS/CS	No (academics)	Spanish	pairs
Basque and Spanish Counter Narrative Generation: Data Creation and Evaluation.	counter narrative	"Jaione Bengoetxea,Yi-Ling Chung,Marco Guerini,Rodrigo Agerri"	LREC/COLING	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.192	No	Islamophobia	Existing dataset (CONAN)	Existing dataset (CONAN)	Yes	Edit MT HS/CS + Annotate/Evaluate CS	"No (professional translators Spanish+Basque, native Spanish+Basque annotators) "	Spanish+Basque	pairs
Behind the Counter: Exploring the Motivations and Barriers of Online Counterspeech Writing.	counterspeech	"Kaike Ping,Anisha Kumar,Xiaohan Ding,Eugenia Ha Rim Rho"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.17116	Yes	"race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, and disability"	"Existing dataset (ETHOS, Multi-Target CONAN, Multilingual and Multi-Aspect Hate Speech Analysis) "	Crowdsourcing	Yes	Write CS +  Annotate/Evaluate CS	Possibly (crowdworkers)	English	pairs
Beyond Denouncing Hate: Strategies for Countering Implied Biases and Stereotypes in Language.	counter-hate	"Jimin Mun,Emily Allaway,Akhila Yerukola,Laura Vianna,Sarah-Jane Leslie,Maarten Sap"	EMNLP	Conference and Workshop Papers	2023	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-emnlp.653	Yes	"gender identity, sexual orientation, race, ethnicity, appearance, religion, socio-economic status"	"Existing dataset (Social Bias Inference corpus,  Multi-Target CONAN,  Winning Argument Corpus) + Crawling"	Author written + Automated generation	Yes	Write CS +  Annotate/Evaluate CS	"No (authors, crowdworkers) "	English	pairs
CODEOFCONDUCT at Multilingual Counterspeech Generation: A Context-Aware Model for Robust Counterspeech Generation in Low-Resource Languages.	counterspeech	"Michael Bennie,Bushi Xiao,Chryseis Xinyi Liu,Demi Zhang,Jian Meng,Alayo Tripp"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2025	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.00713	Unspecified	Unspecified	Existing dataset (Multi-Target CONAN)	Existing dataset (MCG-COLING25)	No	No	No (no human input)	"Basque, English, Italian, and Spanish"	pairs
CONAN - COunter NArratives through Nichesourcing: a Multilingual Dataset of Responses to Fight Online Hate Speech.	"counter narrative, counter-narratives, counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Yi-Ling Chung,Elizaveta Kuzmenko,Serra Sinem Tekiroglu,Marco Guerini"	ACL	Conference and Workshop Papers	2019	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/p19-1271	No (but topic of women included)	Islamaphobia	Nichesourcing	Nichesourcing	Yes	Write HS/CS + Paraphrase CS	Yes (NGO workers) + non-experts	"English, French, Italian"	pairs
Consolidating Strategies for Countering Hate Speech Using Persuasive Dialogues.	"counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Sougata Saha,Rohini K. Srihari"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2401.07810	Yes	"LGBT+, migrants, Muslims, Jews, people of color, and women"	"Existing dataset (CONAN, DIALOCONAN)"	"Existing dataset (CONAN, DIALOCONAN) + Automated generation"	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (crowdworkers)	English	"dialogue (according to DIALOCONAN), pairs"
"Contextualized Counterspeech: Strategies for Adaptation, Personalization, and Evaluation."	counterspeech	"Lorenzo Cima,Alessio Miaschi,Amaury Trujillo,Marco Avvenuti,Felice Dell'Orletta,Stefano Cresci"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2412.07338	No	Toxic comments related to politics	Crawling	"Existing dataset (Multi-Target CONAN, Benchmark) + Crawling + Automated generation"	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (crowdworkers)	English	"pairs, or pairs+1 previous message"
Contextualized Graph Representations for Generating Counter-Narratives against Hate Speech.	"counter narrative, counter-narratives, counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Selene Baez Santamaría,Helena Gómez-Adorno,Ilia Markov"	EMNLP	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://aclanthology.org/2024.findings-emnlp.450	Unspecified	Unspecified	Existing dataset (DIALOCONAN)	Existing dataset (DIALOCONAN) + Automated generation	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (crowdworkers)	English	pairs
Correction: Impact and dynamics of hate and counter speech online.	"counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Joshua Garland,Keyan Ghazi-Zahedi,Jean-Gabriel Young,Laurent Hébert-Dufresne,Mirta Galesic"	EPJ Data Sci.	Journal Articles	2023	open	https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-023-00393-7	No	"HS source specified, far right group Reconquista Germanica"	Crawling	Crawling	Yes	Validate HS/CS	"No (authors, crowdworkers) "	German	?
COT: A Generative Approach for Hate Speech Counter-Narratives via Contrastive Optimal Transport.	"counter narrative, counter-narratives, counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Linhao Zhang,Li Jin 0001,Guangluan Xu,Xiaoyu Li,Xian Sun"	IEEE Trans. Emerg. Top. Comput. Intell.	Journal Articles	2025	closed	https://doi.org/10.1109/TETCI.2024.3406691	Yes	"women, POC, migrant, LGBT+, Muslims, Jews, Disabled, other"	"Existing dataset (Multi-target CONAN, Benchmark)"	"Existing dataset (Multi-Target CONAN, Benchmark) + Automated generation"	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (unspecified)	English	pairs
Counter Narratives in Social Media: An Empirical Study on Combat and Prevention of Terrorism.	"counter narrative, counter-terrorism, counter-narratives"	"Amanda Langer,Marc-André Kaufhold,Elena Maria Runft,Christian Reuter 0001,Margarita Grinko,Volkmar Pipek"	ISCRAM	Conference and Workshop Papers	2019	open	http://idl.iscram.org/files/amandalanger/2019/1861_AmandaLanger_etal2019.pdf	No	Potential new recruits of extremist ideaology/ terrorism	Crawling	Crawling	Yes	Qualitative analysis CS	No (authors)	English?	?
"CounterGeDi: A Controllable Approach to Generate Polite, Detoxified and Emotional Counterspeech."	counterspeech	"Punyajoy Saha,Kanishk Singh,Adarsh Kumar,Binny Mathew,Animesh Mukherjee 0001"	IJCAI	Conference and Workshop Papers	2022	open	https://doi.org/10.24963/ijcai.2022/716	Unspecified	Unspecified	"Existing dataset (CONAN, Benchmark)"	"Existing dataset (CONAN, Benchmark) + Automated generation"	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (academics)	English	pairs
Countering hate on social media: Large scale classification of hate and counter speech.	"counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Joshua Garland,Keyan Ghazi-Zahedi,Jean-Gabriel Young,Laurent Hébert-Dufresne,Mirta Galesic"	WOAH	Conference and Workshop Papers	2020	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.alw-1.13	No	"HS source specified, far right group Reconquista Germanica"	Crawling	Crawling	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (native German crowdworkers)	German	?
CounterQuill: Investigating the Potential of Human-AI Collaboration in Online Counterspeech Writing.	counterspeech	"Xiaohan Ding,Kaike Ping,Uma Sushmitha Gunturi,Buse Çarik,Sophia Stil,Lance T. Wilhelm,Taufiq Daryanto,James Hawdon,Sang Won Lee,Eugenia Ha Rim Rho"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.03032	Yes	"race, gender, sexual orientation, disability, and religion"	"Existing dataset (ETHOS, Multi-Target CONAN, Multilingual and Multi-Aspect Hate Speech Analysis)"	Hybrid: Automated generation and Crowdsourcing 	Yes	Write CS	Possibly (crowdworkers)	English	pairs
Counterspeakers' Perspectives: Unveiling Barriers and AI Needs in the Fight against Online Hate.	counter-hate	"Jimin Mun,Cathy Buerger,Jenny T. Liang,Joshua Garland,Maarten Sap"	CHI	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	closed	https://doi.org/10.1145/3613904.3642025	Yes	"Other, disability or a specific health status, Poverty-shaming, Nationality-based , Homophobia-based, Xenophobia (anti-immigrant or anti-refugee), Religious-based, Transphobia-based hateful speech, Body-shaming  Gender-based, Hateful speech against members of a specific political party"			Yes	Opinons on CS	"Yes (NGO workers, crowdworkers)"	English	N/A
Counterspeeches up my sleeve! Intent Distribution Learning and Persistent Fusion for Intent-Conditioned Counterspeech Generation.	counterspeech	"Rishabh Gupta,Shaily Desai,Manvi Goel,Anil Bandhakavi,Tanmoy Chakraborty 0002,Md. Shad Akhtar"	ACL	Conference and Workshop Papers	2023	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.318	Yes	"Muslims, Migrants, Women, LGBT+,  Jews, POC, Disabled Other "	Existing dataset (Multi-Target CONAN)	Existing dataset (Multi-Target CONAN) + Human written	Yes	Write CS	No (academics)	English	pairs
CrowdCounter: A benchmark type-specific multi-target counterspeech dataset.	counterspeech	"Punyajoy Saha,Abhilash Datta,Abhik Jana,Animesh Mukherjee 0001"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.01400	Unspecified	Unspecified	Existing dataset (HateXplain)	Crowdsourcing	Yes	Write CS + Annotate/Evaluate CS	"No (crowdworkers, academics)"	English	pairs
"CSEval: Towards Automated, Multi-Dimensional, and Reference-Free Counterspeech Evaluation using Auto-Calibrated LLMs."	counterspeech	"Amey Hengle,Aswini Kumar,Anil Bandhakavi,Tanmoy Chakraborty 0002"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2025	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.17581	Unspecified	Unspecified	Existing dataset (IntentCONAN)	Nichesourcing	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (academics)	English	pairs
DisCGen: A Framework for Discourse-Informed Counterspeech Generation.	counterspeech	"Sabit Hassan,Malihe Alikhani"	IJCNLP	Conference and Workshop Papers	2023	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.ijcnlp-main.28	Yes	"WOMEN, POC, LGBT+, DISABLED, JEWS, MUSLIMS, MIGRANTS and OTHER"	Hybrid: Crawling and Automated detection and Human annotation	Hybrid: Crawling and Automated detection and Human annotation + Automated generation	Yes	Validate HS/CS +  Annotate/Evaluate HS/CS +  Edit CS	No (academics)	English	pairs
Echoes of Discord: Forecasting Hater Reactions to Counterspeech.	"counter-hate, counterspeech"	"Xiaoying Song,Sharon Lisseth Perez,Xinchen Yu,Eduardo Blanco 0002,Lingzi Hong"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2025	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.16235	Unspecified	Unspecified	Crawling	Crawling	Yes	Validate CS	No (authors)	English	Pairs + follow-up replies
Empowering NGOs in countering online hate messages.	counter-hate	"Yi-Ling Chung,Serra Sinem Tekiroglu,Sara Tonelli,Marco Guerini"	Online Soc. Networks Media	Journal Articles	2021	closed	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.osnem.2021.100150	Unspecified	Unspecified	Crawling	Hybrid: Automated generation and Nichesourcing	Yes	Edit CS +  Annotate/Evaluate CS	Yes (NGO workers)	"English, French, and Italian"	pairs
F²RL: Factuality and Faithfulness Reinforcement Learning Framework for Claim-Guided Evidence-Supported Counterspeech Generation.	counterspeech	"Haiyang Wang,Yuchen Pan,Xin Song,Xuechen Zhao,Minghao Hu,Bin Zhou 0004"	EMNLP	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://aclanthology.org/2024.emnlp-main.255	Unspecified	Unspecified	"Existing dataset (CONAN, Multi-Target CONAN, and MTKGCONAN)"	Automated generation	No	No	No (no human input)	"English, French, and Italian"	Pairs
"Generate, Prune, Select: A Pipeline for Counterspeech Generation against Online Hate Speech."	"counter-hate, counterspeech, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Wanzheng Zhu,Suma Bhat"	ACL/IJCNLP	Conference and Workshop Papers	2021	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.12	Unspecified	Unspecified	"Existing dataset (CONAN, Benchmark)"	Automated generation	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (native English)	English	Pairs
Generating Counter Narratives against Online Hate Speech: Data and Strategies.	"counter narrative, counter-narratives, counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Serra Sinem Tekiroglu,Yi-Ling Chung,Marco Guerini"	ACL	Conference and Workshop Papers	2020	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2020.acl-main.110	Unspecified	Unspecified	"Existing dataset (Twitter dataset, CONAN, Benchmark)"	Hybrid: Crowdsourcing and Nichesourcing	Yes	Validate CS + Edit CS	Yes (NGO workers)	English	Pairs
Generative AI may backfire for counterspeech.	counterspeech	"Dominik Bär,Abdurahman Maarouf,Stefan Feuerriegel"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.14986	Unspecified	Unspecified	Crawling	Crawling	No	No	No (no human input)	Unspecified	User post history
Hate Speech and Counter Speech Detection: Conversational Context Does Matter.	"counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Xinchen Yu,Eduardo Blanco 0002,Lingzi Hong"	NAACL-HLT	Conference and Workshop Papers	2022	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.naacl-main.433	Unspecified	Unspecified	Crawling	Crawling	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate HS/CS	No (crowdworkers)	English	Pairs + discussion titles
Hatred Stems from Ignorance! Distillation of the Persuasion Modes in Countering Conversational Hate Speech.	"counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Ghadi Alyahya,Abeer Aldayel"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2403.15449	Unspecified	Unspecified	"Existing dataset (DIALOCONAN, ContextCounter)"	"Existing dataset (DIALOCONAN, ContextCounter)"	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (crowdworkers)	English	Single- and multi-turn pairs
High-quality argumentative information in low resources approaches improve counter-narrative generation.	counter narrative	"Damián Ariel Furman,Pablo Torres,José A. Rodríguez 0005,Diego Letzen,Maria Vanina Martinez,Laura Alonso Alemany"	EMNLP	Conference and Workshop Papers	2023	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.findings-emnlp.194	Unspecified	Unspecified	"Existing dataset (ASOHMO, CONEAS)"	"Existing dataset (ASOHMO, CONEAS)"	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	"No (authors, academics)"	"English, Spanish"	Pairs
Hostile Counterspeech Drives Users From Hate Subreddits.	"counter-hate, counterspeech"	"Daniel Hickey,Matheus Schmitz,Daniel Fessler,Paul E. Smaldino,Kristina Lerman,Goran Muric,Keith Burghardt"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2405.18374	Unspecified	Unspecified	Crawling	Crawling	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	"No (authors, academics)"	English	Pairs + parent comments
How Do We Counter Hate Speech in Italy?	"counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Vittoria Tonini,Simona Frenda,Marco Antonio Stranisci,Viviana Patti"	CLiC-it	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3878/103_main_long.pdf	Yes	"women, migrants, LGBTQIA+, solidarity, and environmental issues"	Crawling	Crawling	Yes	Validate HS/CS +  Annotate/Evaluate CS	Yes (NGO workers) + Academics	Italian	Pairs: news headlines that incite HS; comments written by activists replying; comments relying to them
Human-in-the-Loop for Data Collection: a Multi-Target Counter Narrative Dataset to Fight Online Hate Speech.	"counter narrative, counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Margherita Fanton,Helena Bonaldi,Serra Sinem Tekiroglu,Marco Guerini"	ACL/IJCNLP	Conference and Workshop Papers	2021	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.acl-long.250	Yes	"DISABLED, JEWS, OVERWEIGHT, LGBT+, MUSLIM, WOMEN, PEOPLE OF COLOR, ROMANI, MIGRANTS"	Hybrid: Nichesourcing and Automated (Human-in-the-loop)	Hybrid: Nichesourcing and Automated (Human-in-the-loop)	Yes	Validate CS +  Edit CS	Yes (NGO workers) +  Academics	English	Pairs
Human-Machine Collaboration Approaches to Build a Dialogue Dataset for Hate Speech Countering.	"counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Helena Bonaldi,Sara Dellantonio,Serra Sinem Tekiroglu,Marco Guerini"	EMNLP	Conference and Workshop Papers	2022	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.emnlp-main.549	Yes	"LGBT+, MIGRANTS, MUSLIMS, JEWS, POC and WOMEN"	Hybrid: Nichesourcing and Automated (Human-in-the-loop)	Hybrid: Nichesourcing and Automated (Human-in-the-loop)	Yes	Validate CS +  Edit CS	Yes (NGO workers)	English	"4, 6, and 8 turns examples"
Integrating Argumentation and Hate-Speech-based Techniques for Countering Misinformation.	"counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Sougata Saha,Rohini K. Srihari"	EMNLP	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://aclanthology.org/2024.emnlp-main.622	Yes	"Jews, LGBT+, migrants, Muslims, POC, women, Brexit, vaccination, veganism, and the four misinformation topics about COVID-19 vaccine"	"Existing dataset (CONAN, Multi-Target CONAN, DIALOCONAN, OUMdials, MisinfoCorrect, ASFoCoNG)"	"Existing dataset (CONAN, Multi-Target CONAN, DIALOCONAN, TSNH, ASFoCoNG)"	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	"No (crowdworkers, academics)"	English	Pairs
Intent-Aware and Hate-Mitigating Counterspeech Generation via Dual-Discriminator Guided LLMs.	"counter-hate, counterspeech"	"Haiyang Wang,Zhiliang Tian,Xin Song,Yue Zhang,Yuchen Pan,Hongkui Tu,Minlie Huang,Bin Zhou 0004"	LREC/COLING	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.800	Yes	"Musilim, Migrants, Women, LGBT+, Jews, POC, Disabled, Other"	"Existing dataset (CONAN, Multi-Target CONAN)"	"Existing dataset (CONAN, Multi-Target CONAN)"	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (unspecified)	English	Pairs
Intent-conditioned and Non-toxic Counterspeech Generation using Multi-Task Instruction Tuning with RLAIF.	counterspeech	"Amey Hengle,Aswini Padhi,Sahajpreet Singh,Anil Bandhakavi,Md. Shad Akhtar,Tanmoy Chakraborty 0002"	NAACL-HLT	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.naacl-long.374	Yes	"Muslims, Women, LGBTQ+, Jews, Refugees, Asian people, Immigrants, Disabled, POC, Other"	Existing dataset (IntentCONAN)	Existing dataset (IntentCONAN)	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (academics)	English	Pairs
Interaction dynamics between hate and counter users on Twitter.	counter-hate	"Binny Mathew,Navish Kumar,Pawan Goyal 0002,Animesh Mukherjee 0001"	COMAD/CODS	Conference and Workshop Papers	2020	closed	https://doi.org/10.1145/3371158.3371172	Yes	"Gender, Ethnicity, Physical Trait, Sexual Orientation, Nationality, Religion"	Crawling	Crawling	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate HS/CS	No (academics)	English	Pairs
Is Safer Better? The Impact of Guardrails on the Argumentative Strength of LLMs in Hate Speech Countering.	"counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Helena Bonaldi,Greta Damo,Nicolás Benjamín Ocampo,Elena Cabrio,Serena Villata,Marco Guerini"	EMNLP	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://aclanthology.org/2024.emnlp-main.201	Yes	"ethnicity, gender, social class, and nationality (among others)"	Existing dataset (White Supremacy Forum)	Automated generation	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (academics)	English	Just HS
Italian Counter Narrative Generation to Fight Online Hate Speech.	"counter narrative, counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Yi-Ling Chung,Serra Sinem Tekiroglu,Marco Guerini"	CLiC-it	Conference and Workshop Papers	2020	open	https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2769/paper_35.pdf	Unspecified	Unspecified	Existing dataset (CONAN)	Existing dataset (CONAN)	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (native Italian)	Italian	Pairs
Ixa at RefutES 2024: Leveraging Language Models for Counter Narrative Generation.	counter narrative	"Irune Zubiaga,Aitor Soroa,Rodrigo Agerri"	IberLEF@SEPLN	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-3756/RefutES2024_paper1.pdf	Unspecified	Unspecified	Existing dataset (CONAN-MT-SP)	Existing dataset (CONAN-MT-SP)	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (unspecified)	Spanish	Pairs
Leveraging Pre-existing Resources for Data-Efficient Counter-Narrative Generation in Korean.	counter narrative	"Seungyoon Lee,Chanjun Park,Dahyun Jung,Hyeonseok Moon,Jaehyung Seo,Sugyeong Eo,Heuiseok Lim"	LREC/COLING	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.907	Yes	"MUSLIMS, MIGRANTS, WOMEN, LGBT+, JEWS, POC, OTHER, DISABLED"	"Existing dataset (MT-CONAN, Unsmile, APEACH, BEEP, KOLD)"	Existing dataset (MT-CONAN)	No	No	No (no human input)	Korean	Pairs
Low-Resource Counterspeech Generation for Indic Languages: The Case of Bengali and Hindi.	counterspeech	"Mithun Das,Saurabh Kumar Pandey,Shivansh Sethi,Punyajoy Saha,Animesh Mukherjee 0001"	EACL	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://aclanthology.org/2024.findings-eacl.111	Unspecified	Unspecified	Crawling	Crowdsourcing	Yes	Validate HS/CS +  Write CS	No (academics)	"Bengali, Hindi"	Pairs
Multilingual Counter Narrative Type Classification.	counter narrative	"Yi-Ling Chung,Marco Guerini,Rodrigo Agerri"	ArgMining@EMNLP	Conference and Workshop Papers	2021	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.argmining-1.12	Unspecified	Unspecified	Existing dataset (CONAN)	Existing dataset (CONAN)	No	No	No (no human input)	"English, French and Italian"	Pairs
"NLP Systems That Can't Tell Use from Mention Censor Counterspeech, but Teaching the Distinction Helps."	counterspeech	"Kristina Gligoric,Myra Cheng,Lucia Zheng,Esin Durmus,Dan Jurafsky"	NAACL-HLT	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.naacl-long.331	Yes	"Jewish, People of color, Muslims, LGBT+, Disabled, Women, Other, Migrants"	"Existing dataset (Multi-Target CONAN, MTKGCONAN, MisinfoCorrect)"	"Existing dataset (Multi-Target CONAN, MTKGCONAN, MisinfoCorrect)"	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate HS/CS	No (unspecified)	English	Pairs
Northeastern Uni at Multilingual Counterspeech Generation: Enhancing Counter Speech Generation with LLM Alignment through Direct Preference Optimization.	"counter speech, counterspeech, counter-speech"	"Sahil Wadhwa,Chengtian Xu,Haoming Chen,Aakash Mahalingam,Akankshya Kar,Divya Chaudhary"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2412.15453	Yes	"Jews, LGBT+, immigrants, people of color, women"	Existing dataset (Multi-target CONAN)	Existing dataset (MCG-COLING25)	No	No	No (no human input)	"Basque, English, Italian and Spanish"	pairs
On the Effectiveness of Adversarial Robustness for Abuse Mitigation with Counterspeech.	counterspeech	"Yi-Ling Chung,Jonathan Bright"	NAACL-HLT	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2024.naacl-long.386	Unspecified	Premium League Footballers (PLF); nine minority identity groups	Existing dataset (TOXIGEN) + Hybrid: Crawling and Human annotation	Hybrid: Crawling and Nichesourcing + Automated generation	Yes	Write CS +  Annotate/Evaluate CS	Yes (civil society org workers) + crowdworkers	English	pairs
On Zero-Shot Counterspeech Generation by LLMs.	counterspeech	"Punyajoy Saha,Aalok Agrawal,Abhik Jana,Chris Biemann,Animesh Mukherjee 0001"	LREC/COLING	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.1090	Unspecified	Unspecified	"Existing dataset (CONAN, Multi-target CONAN, Benchmark)"	"Existing dataset (CONAN, Multi-target CONAN, Benchmark)"	No	No	No (no human input)	English	pairs
Outcome-Constrained Large Language Models for Countering Hate Speech.	"counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Lingzi Hong,Pengcheng Luo,Eduardo Blanco 0002,Xiaoying Song"	EMNLP	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://aclanthology.org/2024.emnlp-main.260	Unspecified	Unspecified	"Existing dataset (CAD, Benchmark)"	Existing dataset (Benchmark) + Automated generation	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (academics)	English	pairs
Overview of RefutES at IberLEF 2024: Automatic Generation of Counter Speech in Spanish.	"counter speech, counter-speech"	"María Estrella Vallecillo Rodríguez,Maria Victoria Cantero Romero,Isabel Cabrera De Castro,Luis Alfonso Ureña López,Arturo Montejo-Ráez,María Teresa Martín-Valdivia"	Proces. del Leng. Natural	Journal Articles	2024	open	http://journal.sepln.org/sepln/ojs/ojs/index.php/pln/article/view/6630	Yes	"disabled, jews, LGBT+, migrants, muslims, people of colour, women, and other groups"	Existing dataset (Multi-target CONAN) + Crawling?	Existing dataset (Multi-target CONAN) + Nichesourcing?	Yes	Edit MT HS/CS +  Write CS +  Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (unspecified)	Spanish	pairs
PANDA - Paired Anti-hate Narratives Dataset from Asia: Using an LLM-as-a-Judge to Create the First Chinese Counterspeech Dataset.	"counter narrative, counter-hate, counterspeech, counter-narratives"	"Michael Bennie,Demi Zhang,Bushi Xiao,Jing Cao,Chryseis Xinyi Liu,Jian Meng,Alayo Tripp"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2025	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2501.00697	Unspecified	Unspecified	"Existing dataset (COLD, SWSR, CHSD) + Automated generation"	Hybrid: Crowdsourcing and Automated generation	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS  + Edit CS	No (academics)	Chinese	pairs
Parsimonious Argument Annotations for Hate Speech Counter-narratives.	"counter narrative, counter-narratives, counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Damián Ariel Furman,Pablo Torres,José A. Rodríguez 0005,Lautaro Martinez,Laura Alonso Alemany,Diego Letzen,Maria Vanina Martinez"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2022	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2208.01099	Unspecified	Unspecified	Existing dataset (HatEval 2019)	Crowdsourcing? 	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate HS +  Write CS	No (unspecified)	"English, Spanish"	Unspecified
Perceiving and Countering Hate: The Role of Identity in Online Responses.	counter-hate	"Kaike Ping,James Hawdon,Eugenia Ha Rim Rho"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.01675	Yes	"race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, and disability "	"Existing dataset (ETHOS, Multi-Target CONAN, Multilingual and Multi-Aspect Hate Speech Analysis)"	Crowdsourcing	Yes	Validate HS +  Write CS +  Annotate/Evaluate CS	Yes (crowdsourcing) + authors	English	pairs
Racism is a virus: anti-asian hate and counterspeech in social media during the COVID-19 crisis.	"counter-hate, counterspeech"	"Bing He 0002,Caleb Ziems,Sandeep Soni,Naren Ramakrishnan,Diyi Yang,Srijan Kumar"	ASONAM	Conference and Workshop Papers	2021	closed	https://doi.org/10.1145/3487351.3488324	No	Asian (racism)	Hybrid: Crawling and Human Annotation + Automated detection	Hybrid: Crawling and Human Annotation + Automated detection	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate HS/CS	No (academics)	English	Unspecified
Rescuing Counterspeech: A Bridging-Based Approach to Combating Misinformation.	counterspeech	"Kenny Peng,James Grimmelmann"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2410.12699	Unspecified	Unspecified	Existing dataset (Community Notes)	Existing dataset (Community Notes)	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (unspecified)	English	pairs
ReZG: Retrieval-augmented zero-shot counter narrative generation for hate speech.	"counter narrative, counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Shuyu Jiang,Wenyi Tang,Xingshu Chen,Rui Tang,Haizhou Wang 0001,Wenxian Wang"	Neurocomputing	Journal Articles	2025	closed	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neucom.2024.129140	Yes	"Individuals with disabilities, Jewish people, the LGBT+ community, migrants, Muslims, people of color, women, and other marginalized groups"	Existing dataset (Multi-target CONAN)	Existing dataset (Multi-target CONAN)	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (crowdworkers)	English	pairs
Self-supervision and Controlling Techniques to Improve Counter Speech Generation.	"counter speech, counter-speech"	Punyajoy Saha	WSDM	Conference and Workshop Papers	2023	closed	https://doi.org/10.1145/3539597.3572991	Unspecified	Unspecified	Existing dataset (Unspecified)	Existing dataset (Unspecified)	No	No	No (no human input)	N/A	N/A
"Social Media Analytics to Identify and Counter Islamist Extremism: Systematic Detection, Evaluation, and Challenging of Extremist Narratives Online."	"counter narrative, counter-narratives"	"Ismailcem Budak Arpinar,Ugur Kursuncu,Dilshod Achilov"	CTS	Conference and Workshop Papers	2016	closed	https://doi.org/10.1109/CTS.2016.0113	Unspecified	Unspecified			No	No	No (no human input)	N/A	N/A
Statistical Analysis of Counter-Hate Speech on Voice-based Social Media.	"counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Dana Alsagheer,Hadi Mansourifar,Weidong Larry Shi"	ANT/EDI40	Conference and Workshop Papers	2023	open	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2023.03.140	Unspecified	Unspecified	N/A	Crawling	No	No	No (no human input)	Unspecified	just CS
Thou Shalt Not Hate: Countering Online Hate Speech.	"countering online hate speech, counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Binny Mathew,Punyajoy Saha,Hardik Tharad,Subham Rajgaria,Prajwal Singhania,Suman Kalyan Maity,Pawan Goyal 0002,Animesh Mukherjee 0001"	ICWSM	Conference and Workshop Papers	2019	open	https://ojs.aaai.org/index.php/ICWSM/article/view/3237	No	"Jews, African-American (Blacks) and LGBT"	Crawling	Crawling	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (academics)	English	pairs
Towards Knowledge-Grounded Counter Narrative Generation for Hate Speech.	"counter narrative, counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Yi-Ling Chung,Serra Sinem Tekiroglu,Marco Guerini"	ACL/IJCNLP	Conference and Workshop Papers	2021	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2021.findings-acl.79	Yes 	"Islamophobia, Antisemitism, Homophobia, Racism, Misogyny"	Existing dataset (CONAN)	Automated generation	Yes 	Annotate/Evaluate CS	Yes (NGO workers)	English	pairs
Using Pre-Trained Language Models for Producing Counter Narratives Against Hate Speech: a Comparative Study.	"counter narrative, counter-narratives, counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Serra Sinem Tekiroglu,Helena Bonaldi,Margherita Fanton,Marco Guerini"	ACL	Conference and Workshop Papers	2022	open	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2022.findings-acl.245	Yes 	"Individuals with disabilities, Jewish people, the LGBT+ community, migrants, Muslims, people of color, women, and other marginalized groups"	Existing dataset (Multi-target CONAN)	Existing dataset (Multi-target CONAN)	Yes 	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (unspecified)	English	pairs
"War of Words: Harnessing the Potential of Large Language Models and Retrieval Augmented Generation to Classify, Counter and Diffuse Hate Speech."	"counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Rohan Leekha,Olga Simek,Charlie K. Dagli"	FLAIRS	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://doi.org/10.32473/flairs.37.1.135484	Unspecified 	Unspecified	Hybrid: Crawling and Automated detection	Automated generation	Yes 	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (unspecified)	Unspecified	pairs
Weigh Your Own Words: Improving Hate Speech Counter Narrative Generation via Attention Regularization.	"counter narrative, counter-hate, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Helena Bonaldi,Giuseppe Attanasio,Debora Nozza,Marco Guerini"	CoRR	Informal and Other Publications	2023	open	https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2309.02311	Yes 	"Individuals with disabilities, Jewish people, the LGBT+ community, migrants, Muslims, people of color, women, and other marginalized groups"	Existing dataset (Multi-target CONAN)	Existing dataset (Multi-target CONAN)	Yes 	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (unspecified)	English	pairs
WokeGPT: Improving Counterspeech Generation Against Online Hate Speech by Intelligently Augmenting Datasets Using a Novel Metric.	"counter-hate, counterspeech, counter-speech, counter hate speech, counter speech, counter-hate speech"	"Sadaf Md. Halim,Saquib Irtiza,Yibo Hu 0002,Latifur Khan,Bhavani Thuraisingham"	IJCNN	Conference and Workshop Papers	2023	closed	https://doi.org/10.1109/IJCNN54540.2023.10191114	Unspecified 	Unspecified	"Hybrid: Existing dataset (CONAN, HateXplain, White Supremacy Forum, Phoenix Real-Time (PRT), Expert Domain Corpora, Mainstream Media, Gigaword) and Filtering"	Existing dataset (CONAN)	Yes	Annotate/Evaluate CS	No (academics)	English	pairs
A benchmark dataset for learning to intervene in online hate speech	manually add	"Jing Qian,ÊAnna Bethke,ÊYinyin Liu,ÊElizabeth Belding,ÊWilliam Yang Wang"	EMNLP-IJCNLP)	Conference and Workshop Papers	2019	open	https://aclanthology.org/D19-1482/	Unspecified	Unspecified	Crawling + Crowdsourcing	Crowdsourcing	Yes	Validate HS + Write CS	No (crowdworkers)	English	pairs
CONAN-MT-SP: A Spanish Corpus for Counternarrative Using GPT Models	manually add	"Mar’a Estrella Vallecillo Rodr’guez,ÊMaria Victoria Cantero Romero,ÊIsabel Cabrera De Castro,ÊArturo Montejo R‡ez,ÊMar’a Teresa Mart’n Valdivia"	LREC/COLING	Conference and Workshop Papers	2024	open	https://aclanthology.org/2024.lrec-main.326/	Yes	"Jews, LGBT+, immigrants, people of color (POC), and women"	Existing dataset (Multi-target CONAN)	Human written	Yes	Write CS + Edit MT CS	"No (academics, translators Spanish, Basque, Italian)"	Spanish	pairs