Grammar comprehension is a critical capability for large language models (LLMs) to achieve fluency in a target language. In low-resource settings, such as the case with Arabic, limited availability of high-quality data can lead to significant gaps in grammatical understanding, making systematic evaluation essential. We introduce Nahw, a comprehensive benchmark for Arabic grammar that covers both theoretical knowledge and practical applications, including grammatical error detection, correction, and explanation. We evaluate a range of LLMs on these tasks and find that many models still exhibit substantial deficiencies in Arabic grammar comprehension, with GPT-4o achieving a score of 67% on average over all tasks, while the best performing Arabic model in our experiment (ALLaM-7B) achieving 42%. Our experiments also demonstrate that while fine-tuning with synthetic data can improve performance, it does not match the effectiveness of training on natural, high-quality data.

Arabic diacritics, similar to short vowels in English, provide phonetic and grammatical information but are typically omitted in written Arabic, leading to ambiguity. Diacritization (aka diacritic restoration or vowelization) is essential for natural language processing. This paper advances Arabic diacritization through the following contributions: first, we propose a methodology to analyze and refine a large diacritized corpus to improve training quality. Second, we introduce WikiNews-2024, a multi-reference evaluation methodology with an updated version of the standard benchmark “WikiNews-2014”. In addition, we explore various model architectures and propose a BiLSTM-based model that achieves state-of-the-art results with 3.12% and 2.70% WER on WikiNews-2014 and WikiNews-2024, respectively. Moreover, we develop a model that preserves user-specified diacritics while maintaining accuracy. Lastly, we demonstrate that augmenting training data enhances performance in low-resource settings.

Large Language Models (LLMs) inherently reflect the vast data distributions they encounter during their pre-training phase. As this data is predominantly sourced from the web, there is a high chance it will be skewed towards high-resourced languages and cultures, such as those of the West. Consequently, LLMs often exhibit a diminished understanding of certain communities, a gap that is particularly evident in their knowledge of Arabic and Islamic cultures. This issue becomes even more pronounced with increasingly under-represented topics. To address this critical challenge, we introduce PalmX 2025, the first shared task designed to benchmark the cultural competence of LLMs in these specific domains. The task is composed of two subtasks featuring multiple-choice questions (MCQs) in Modern Standard Arabic (MSA): General Arabic Culture and General Islamic Culture. These subtasks cover a wide range of topics, including traditions, food, history, religious practices, and language expressions from across 22 Arab countries. The initiative drew considerable interest, with 26 teams registering for Subtask 1 and 19 for Subtask 2, culminating in nine and six valid submissions, respectively. Our findings reveal that task-specific fine-tuning substantially boosts performance over baseline models. The top-performing systems achieved an accuracy of 72.15% on cultural questions and 84.22% on Islamic knowledge. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning emerged as the predominant and most effective approach among participants, while the utility of data augmentation was found to be domain-dependent. Ultimately, this benchmark provides a crucial, standardized framework to guide the development of more culturally grounded and competent Arabic LLMs. Results of the shared task demonstrate that general cultural and general religious knowledge remain challenging to LLMs, motivating us to continue to offer the shared task in the future.

We introduce AraSafe, the first large-scale native Arabic safety benchmark for large language models (LLMs), addressing the pressing need for culturally and linguistically representative evaluation resources. The dataset comprises 12K naturally occurring, human-written Arabic prompts containing both harmful and non-harmful content across diverse domains, including linguistics, social studies, and science. Each prompt was independently annotated by two experts into one of nine fine-grained safety categories, including ‘Safe/Not Harmful’, ‘Illegal Activities’, ‘Violence or Harm’, ‘Privacy Violation’, and ‘Hate Speech’. Additionally, to support training classifiers for harmful content and due to the imbalanced representation of harmful content in the natural dataset, we create a synthetic dataset of additional 12K harmful prompts generated by GPT-4o via carefully designed prompt engineering techniques. We benchmark a number of Arabic-centric and multilingual models in the 7 to 13B parameter range, including Jais, AceGPT, Allam, Fanar, Llama-3, Gemma-2, and Qwen3, as well as BERT-based fine-tuned classifier models on detecting harmful prompts. GPT-4o was used as an upper-bound reference baseline. Our evaluation reveals critical safety blind spots in Arabic LLMs and underscores the necessity of localized, culturally grounded benchmarks for building responsible AI systems.

Hallucination in Large Language Models (LLMs) remains a significant challenge and continues to draw substantial research attention. The problem becomes especially critical when hallucinations arise in sensitive domains, such as religious discourse. To address this gap, we introduce IslamicEval 2025—the first shared task specifically focused on evaluating and detecting hallucinations in Islamic content. The task consists of two subtasks: (1) Hallucination Detection and Correction of quoted verses (Ayahs) from the Holy Quran and quoted Hadiths; and (2) Qur’an and Hadith Question Answering, which assesses retrieval models and LLMs by requiring answers to be retrieved from grounded, authoritative sources. Thirteen teams participated in the final phase of the shared task, employing a range of pipelines and frameworks. Their diverse approaches underscore both the complexity of the task and the importance of effectively managing hallucinations in Islamic discourse.