Bo Deng
Author directory2026
DVD: A Robust Method for Detecting Variant Contamination in Large Language Model Evaluation
Renzhao Liang | Jingru Chen | Bo Jia | Bo Deng | Chenggang Xie | Yidong Wang | Ke Jin | Xin Wang | Linfeng Zhang | Cunxiang Wang
Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Renzhao Liang | Jingru Chen | Bo Jia | Bo Deng | Chenggang Xie | Yidong Wang | Ke Jin | Xin Wang | Linfeng Zhang | Cunxiang Wang
Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Large language model (LLM) evaluation is increasingly confounded by *variant contamination*: training corpora contain semantically equivalent but lexically or syntactically altered test items. These variants can evade detectors based on sampling consistency or perplexity, inflating benchmark scores through memorization rather than reasoning. We formalize this problem and introduce **DVD** (**D**etection via **V**ariance of generation **D**istribution), a detector requiring only the test item, without external reference corpora or paired contaminated/clean sets. DVD models the local output distribution through repeated temperature sampling. Our key insight is that contaminated items alternate between *memory-adherence* and *perturbation-drift* states, producing unusually high variance in the synthetic difficulty of low-probability tokens, whereas uncontaminated items remain in drift with comparatively stable difficulty values. We construct the first dedicated variant-contamination benchmark across Omni-MATH and SuperGPQA by generating and filtering semantically equivalent variants, and simulate contamination by fine-tuning Qwen2.5 and Llama3.1 models of different scales. In most evaluated settings across datasets, model scales, architectures, and training configurations, **DVD** outperforms perplexity-based, Min-*k*%++, edit-distance (CDD), and embedding-similarity baselines, while showing strong robustness to hyperparameters. These results support generation-distribution variance as a principled and practical signal for detecting variant contamination, helping improve the reliability of LLM evaluation.