Evaluating Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems remains a challenge for Low-Resource Languages (LRLs), where standard reference-based metrics fall short. This paper investigates the viability of the "LLM-as-a-Judge" paradigm for Romanian by adapting the Ragas framework using next-generation models (Gemini 2.5 and Gemini 3). We introduce AdminRo-Eval, a curated dataset of Romanian administrative documents annotated by native speakers, to serve as a ground truth for benchmarking automated evaluators. We compare three evaluation methodologies—direct scoring, comparative ranking, and granular decomposition—across metrics for Faithfulness, Answer Relevance, and Context Relevance. Our findings reveal that evaluation strategies must be metric-specific: granular decomposition achieves the highest human alignment for Faithfulness (96% with Gemini 2.5 Pro), while comparative ranking outperforms in Answer Relevance (90%). Furthermore, we demonstrate that while lightweight models struggle with complex reasoning in LRLs, the Gemini 2.5 Pro architecture establishes a robust, transferable baseline for automated Romanian RAG evaluation.

We explored both masked language models and causal models. For Subtask A, our best model achieved first-place out of 36 teams when looking at F1 Micro (Auxiliary Score) of 0.8333, and second-place when looking at F1 Macro (Main Score) of 0.8301. For causal models, our best model was a fine-tuned version of Qwen and for masked models, our best model was a fine-tuned version of XLM-Roberta-Base.

This paper describes the approach of the Unibuc - NLP team in tackling the SemEval 2025 Workshop, Task 11: Bridging the Gap in Text-Based Emotion Detection. We mainly focused on experiments using large language models (Gemini, Qwen, DeepSeek) with either few-shot prompting or fine-tuning. Withour final system, for the multi-label emotion detection track (track A), we got an F1-macro of 0.7546 (26/96 teams) for the English subset, 0.1727 (35/36 teams) for the Portuguese (Mozambican) subset and 0.325 (1/31 teams) for the Emakhuwa subset.

We introduce the first dataset that jointly covers both lexical complexity prediction (LCP) annotations and lexical simplification (LS) for Romanian, along with a comparison of lexical simplification approaches. We propose a methodology for ordering simplification suggestions using a pairwise ranking approximation method, arranging candidates from simple to complex based on a separate set of human judgments. In addition, we provide human lexical complexity annotations for 3,921 word samples in context. Finally, we explore several novel pipelines for complexity prediction and simplification and present the first text simplification system for Romanian.

Natural Language Inference (NLI) is foundational for evaluating language understanding in AI. However, progress has plateaued, with models failing on ambiguous examples and exhibiting poor generalization. We argue that this stems from disregarding the subjective nature of meaning, which is intrinsically tied to an individual’s weltanschauung (which roughly translates to worldview). Existing NLP datasets often obscure this by aggregating labels or filtering out disagreement. We propose a perspectivist approach: building datasets that capture annotator demographics, values, and justifications for their labels. Such datasets would explicitly model diverse worldviews. Our initial experiments with a subset of the SBIC dataset demonstrate that even limited annotator metadata can improve model performance.

This paper describes the approach of the UniBuc team in tackling the SemEval 2024 Task 2: Safe Biomedical Natural Language Inference for Clinical Trials. We used SOLAR Instruct, without any fine-tuning, while focusing on input manipulation and tailored prompting. By customizing prompts for individual CTR sections, in both zero-shot and few-shots settings, we managed to achieve a consistency score of 0.72, ranking 14th in the leaderboard. Our thorough error analysis revealed that our model has a tendency to take shortcuts and rely on simple heuristics, especially when dealing with semantic-preserving changes.

This paper outlines the approach of the ISDS-NLP team in the SemEval 2024 Task 10: Emotion Discovery and Reasoning its Flip in Conversation (EDiReF). For Subtask 1 we obtained a weighted F1 score of 0.43 and placed 12 in the leaderboard. We investigate two distinct approaches: Masked Language Modeling (MLM) and Causal Language Modeling (CLM). For MLM, we employ pre-trained BERT-like models in a multilingual setting, fine-tuning them with a classifier to predict emotions. Experiments with varying input lengths, classifier architectures, and fine-tuning strategies demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach. Additionally, we utilize Mistral 7B Instruct V0.2, a state-of-the-art model, applying zero-shot and few-shot prompting techniques. Our findings indicate that while Mistral shows promise, MLMs currently outperform them in sentence-level emotion classification.

This paper describes the approach of the UniBuc - NLP team in tackling the SemEval 2024 Task 8: Multigenerator, Multidomain, and Multilingual Black-Box Machine-Generated Text Detection. We explored transformer-based and hybrid deep learning architectures. For subtask B, our transformer-based model achieved a strong second-place out of 77 teams with an accuracy of 86.95%, demonstrating the architecture’s suitability for this task. However, our models showed overfitting in subtask A which could potentially be fixed with less fine-tunning and increasing maximum sequence length. For subtask C (token-level classification), our hybrid model overfit during training, hindering its ability to detect transitions between human and machine-generated text.