Dokyoon Kim

Author directory

2026

Gaps remain in our understanding of how large language models (LLMs) acquire knowledge during pre-training. We posit that auxiliary views, reformulations of knowledge across different contexts, are causally helpful for learning. We design controlled experiments to isolate this effect. First, we confirm that repetition is necessary for acquisition and clarify that paraphrasing helps only at smaller batch sizes. Second, holding the token budget fixed, reallocating tokens from document repetition to auxiliary views improves learning, even for factual recall, which is counterintuitive. Third, the effectiveness of auxiliary views is not contingent on the strength of the teacher model that generates them. Fourth, we identify forms of knowledge, contextual and foundational, that aid learning in the presence of prior knowledge gaps. Finally, we examine how these effects manifest mechanistically via layer-wise biases and compression. Together, our findings suggest that auxiliary representations of knowledge, which arise naturally in large pre-training corpora, are a key factor in the success of pre-training and offer a plausible explanation for why data diversity matters.