This paper presents the steps taken to integrate data from the UD_Latin-PROIEL treebank into the LiLa Knowledge Base of interoperable linguistic resources for Latin. It describes how the lexical, morphological, syntactic, and citation information from the source was modeled using the Linked Open Data principles as adopted by the LiLa Knowledge Base. The process of linking tokens to the LiLa collection of Latin lemmas is detailed, addressing challenges such as ambiguities, new lemmas, and errors encountered in the source. The outcome is a syntactically annotated textual resource that is interoperable with the (meta)data of other Latin linguistic resources linked within the LiLa Knowledge Base. This integration enables new ways of analyzing linguistic information and using the content as a starting point to explore connections with other interlinked resources. A use case demonstrates this interoperability.

This paper presents the organization, methodology, and outcomes of the Dependency Parsing shared task held within the fourth edition of EvaLatin, a campaign dedicated to the evaluation of Natural Language Processing tools for Latin. EvaLatin aims to promote and advance research in language technologies for Latin, fostering the development of robust and linguistically informed computational approaches. The paper provides a detailed description of the data released for the shared task. It also outlines the evaluation framework and metrics adopted for assessing system performance. The results achieved by participating teams are reported and comparatively analyzed, highlighting strengths, limitations, and emerging trends in current approaches to Latin dependency parsing. Finally, the paper discusses the main challenges posed by the task and suggests directions for future research in the field.

This paper addresses the representation of ellipsis in dependency syntax, proposing both a theoretical and a practical workflow for its analysis and annotation in treebanks, following the state-of-the-art Universal Dependencies framework. We discuss the challenges of annotating ellipsis, with a focus on predicate ellipsis and its representation in dependency treebanks, and emphasize the importance of accounting for such phenomena for syntactic analysis and machine learning applications. We present a case study based on the Italian-Old treebank, demonstrating the applicability of the proposed workflows and invite the community to participate in this initiative with their own languages.

This paper addresses the challenge of divergent lemmatization and part-of-speech (PoS) tagging practices for Latin participles in annotated corpora. We propose a solution through the LiLa Knowledge Base, a Linked Open Data framework designed to unify lexical and textual data for Latin. Using lemmas as the point of connection between distributed textual and lexical resources, LiLa introduces hypolemmas — secondary citation forms belonging to a word’s inflectional paradigm — as a means of reconciling divergent annotations for participles. Rather than advocating a single uniform annotation scheme, LiLa preserves each resource’s native guidelines while ensuring that users can retrieve and analyze participial data seamlessly. Via empirical assessments of multiple Latin corpora, we show how the LiLa’s integration of lemmas and hypolemmas enables consistent retrieval of participle forms regardless of whether they are categorized as verbal or adjectival.

This paper describes the organization and the results of the third edition of EvaLatin, the campaign for the evaluation of Natural Language Processing tools for Latin. The two shared tasks proposed in EvaLatin 2024, i.,e., Dependency Parsing and Emotion Polarity Detection, are aimed to foster research in the field of language technologies for Classical languages. The shared datasets are described and the results obtained by the participants for each task are presented and discussed.

The paper is a pilot study which argues for a constructionist and computer-based approach to the syntactic and semantic analysis of a poetic corpus in Latin. We focus on the terms felix and on its opposite infelix and perform manual annotation of their occurrences in Virgil’s poems using Universal Dependencies for the syntactic analysis and FrameNet for the semantic one. Integrating the approaches of Dependency Syntax and Construction Grammar, we analyze the linguistic contexts in which the two terms occur and identify the different “constructions” (pairings of form and function) that they instantiate. Our methodology is language-independent and has the potential to aid scholars in the comparative analysis of poetic texts, allowing for the detection of hidden parallels in the style and poetics of different texts and authors.

This paper describes the process of interlinking a lexical resource consisting of a list of more than 20,000 Neo-Latin words with other resources for Latin. The resources are made interoperable thanks to their linking to the anonymous Knowledge Base, which applies Linguistic Linked Open Data practices and data categories to describe and publish on the Web both textual and lexical resources for the Latin language.