In this study, we address the linguistic challenges posed by Tajiki Persian, a distinct variant of the Persian language that utilizes the Cyrillic script due to historical “Russification”. This distinguishes it from other Persian dialects that adopt the Arabic script. Despite its profound linguistic and cultural significance, Tajiki Persian remains a low-resource language with scant digitized datasets for computational applications. To address this deficiency, we created a parallel corpus using Shahnameh, a seminal Persian epic poem. Employing optical character recognition, we extracted Tajiki Persian verses from primary sources and applied a heuristic method to align them with their Iranian Persian counterparts. We then trained and assessed transliteration models using two prominent sequence-to-sequence architectures: GRU with attention and transformer. Our results underscore the enhanced performance of our models, particularly in contrast to pre-trained large multilingual models like GPT-3.5, emphasizing the value of dedicated datasets in advancing computational approaches for underrepresented languages. With the publication of this work, we are disseminating, for the first time, a vast collection of Persian poetry spanning 1000 years, transcribed in Tajiki scripts for the benefit of the Tajiki-speaking communities. The dataset, along with the model’s code and checkpoints, is accessible at https://github.com/language-ml/Tajiki-Shahname, marking a significant contribution to computational linguistic resources for Tajiki Persian.

This paper presents an approach to tackle the task of Visual Word Sense Disambiguation (Visual-WSD), which involves determining the most appropriate image to represent a given polysemous word in one of its particular senses. The proposed approach leverages the CLIP model, prompt engineering, and text-to-image models such as GLIDE and DALL-E 2 for both image retrieval and generation. To evaluate our approach, we participated in the SemEval 2023 shared task on “Visual Word Sense Disambiguation (Visual-WSD)” using a zero-shot learning setting, where we compared the accuracy of different combinations of tools, including “Simple prompt-based” methods and “Generated prompt-based” methods for prompt engineering using completion models, and text-to-image models for changing input modality from text to image. Moreover, we explored the benefits of cross-modality evaluation between text and candidate images using CLIP. Our experimental results demonstrate that the proposed approach reaches better results than cross-modality approaches, highlighting the potential of prompt engineering and text-to-image models to improve accuracy in Visual-WSD tasks. We assessed our approach in a zero-shot learning scenario and attained an accuracy of 68.75\% in our best attempt.