Haoyu Huang
Author directoryOther people with similar names: Haoyu Huang (CUHK, HKUST, Peking), Haoyu Huang
Unverified author pages with similar names: Haoyu Huang
2026
Grounding LLM Agent Intent in Multi-Module Environments with Executable Action Programs
Jun Zhang | Boyuan Sun | Jinghua Piao | Haoyu Huang | Depeng Jin | Yong Li
Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Jun Zhang | Boyuan Sun | Jinghua Piao | Haoyu Huang | Depeng Jin | Yong Li
Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly expected to interact with external environments rather than only generate text. A key challenge in this process is to accurately and efficiently ground high-level agent intents into valid executable action sequences, especially when the environment consists of multiple interacting modules. To address this challenge, we introduce executable action programs (EAPs), a restricted Python-based intermediate representation between textual agent intents and structured environment-module action calls, which leverages the expressive power of Python to explicitly represent complex behavioral sequences, their branching relationships, and cross-module data dependencies. Based on this representation, we implement EAPRouter, which generates, validates, executes, and reuses EAPs through an agent-EAP interface and a lightweight environment module integration protocol. We evaluate EAPRouter on real agent-environment interaction traces from social simulation, a demanding application scenario with multi-agent, multi-module, and repeated interaction patterns. Experiments show that EAPRouter achieves a 60.0% grounding success rate with Kimi-K2-Instruct, outperforming the SOTA function-calling baseline by 31.6%. It also improves over the strongest baselines by 11.5%-25.4% on GLM-4.7, Claude Opus 4.5, and Gemini 2.5 Flash, with smaller gains on less code-capable models. On the cross-domain NESTFUL v2 benchmark, EAPRouter matches ReAct’s executable accuracy (83.8% vs. 84.9%) while reducing LLM calls, tokens, and execution time by about 80%. EAP pre-generation further handles over 70% of interaction requests, cache reuse covers 66.5% of the remaining ones, and safety validation blocks all tested unsafe payloads and prompt-injection attempts. The code is available at https://github.com/tsinghua-fib-lab/EAPRouter.