Vision-language models (VLMs) achieve strong multimodal performance but remain expensive to deploy. Knowledge distillation (KD) is an effective approach for compressing these models and transferring their capabilities to more efficient student models. While KD for large language models (LLMs) is already well surveyed, no existing work provides systematic coverage of KD for VLMs, where the addition of a visual modality introduces challenges that text-only distillation does not face. This paper presents the first dedicated survey of knowledge distillation for vision-language models. We propose a unified taxonomy that organizes methods along three orthogonal views: knowledge type, teacher accessibility, and structural compatibility, and use it to organize methods across major VLM distillation settings. We also survey the associated datasets and evaluation protocols, identify open challenges and outline directions for future research. We further maintain a GitHub repository at https://github.com/HoangTran223/Awesome-Knowledge-Distillation-of-VLMs to compile all surveyed papers, which we will actively update.

Recent advanced frameworks in topic models have significantly enhanced the performance compared to conventional probabilistic approaches. Such models, mostly constructed from neural network architecture together with other advanced techniques such as contextual embedding, optimal transport distance and pre-trained language model, etc. have effectively improved the topic quality and document topic distribution. Despite the improvements, these methods lack considerations of effective optimization for complex objective functions that contain log-likelihood and additional regularization terms. In this study, we propose to apply an efficient optimization method to improve the generalization and performance of topic models. Our approach explicitly considers the sharpness of the loss landscape during optimization, which forces the optimizer to choose directions in the parameter space that lead to flatter minima, in which the models are typically more stable and robust to small perturbations in the data. Additionally, we propose an effective strategy to select the flatness region for parameter optimization by leveraging the optimal transport distance between doc-topic distributions and doc-cluster proportions, which can effectively enhance document representation. Experimental results on popular benchmark datasets demonstrate that our method effectively improves the performance of baseline topic models.

Neural topic modeling has substantially improved topic quality and document topic distribution compared to traditional probabilistic methods. These models often incorporate multiple loss functions. However, the disparate magnitudes of these losses can make hyperparameter tuning for these loss functions challenging, potentially creating obstacles for simultaneous optimization. While gradient-based Multi-objective Optimization (MOO) algorithms offer a potential solution, they are typically applied to shared parameters in multi-task learning, hindering their broader adoption, particularly in Neural Topic Models (NTMs). Furthermore, our experiments reveal that naïve MOO applications on NTMs can yield suboptimal results, even underperforming compared to implementations without the MOO mechanism. This paper proposes a novel approach to integrate MOO algorithms, independent of hard-parameter sharing architectures, and effectively optimizes multiple NTMs loss functions. Comprehensive evaluations on widely used benchmark datasets demonstrate that our approach significantly enhances baseline topic model performance and outperforms direct MOO applications on NTMs.

Recent advances in neural topic models (NTMs) have improved topic quality but still face challenges: weak document-topic alignment, high inference costs due to large pretrained language models (PLMs), and limited modeling of hierarchical topic structures. To address these issues, we introduce HiCOT (Hierarchical Clustering and Contrastive Learning with Optimal Transport for Neural Topic Modeling), a novel framework that enhances topic coherence and efficiency. HiCOT integrates Optimal Transport to refine document-topic relationships using compact PLM-based embeddings, captures semantic structure of the documents. Additionally, it employs hierarchical clustering combine with contrastive learning to disentangle topic-word and topic-topic relationships, ensuring clearer structure and better coherence. Experimental results on multiple benchmark datasets demonstrate HiCOT’s superior effectiveness over existing NTMs in topic coherence, topic performance, representation quality, and computational efficiency.