Large language model (LLM)-based agents have demonstrated strong capabilities in leveraging external tools to solve complex tasks. However, existing evaluations largely overlook the temporal dimension of tool invocation, particularly the impact of tool response latency, and are typically limited to single-task settings. In real-world applications, multiple tasks often need to be executed concurrently, and overall efficiency critically depends on whether an agent can utilize idle time while waiting for tool responses. We refer to this capability as asynchronous tool calling. To evaluate this capability, we propose AsyncTool, a benchmark for assessing LLM-based agents in interactive multi-task tool-use environments with delayed tool feedback. AsyncTool presents multiple heterogeneous tasks simultaneously and simulates realistic tool response latency during execution. Using a hybrid data evolution strategy, we construct a diverse asynchronous multitasking dataset covering multiple scenarios and tool-use patterns. We evaluate models at three levels—step, sub-task, and task—and further introduce efficiency-oriented metrics to measure task coordination and completion efficiency. Extensive experiments show that delayed tool feedback poses substantial challenges to current agents, leading to clear performance degradation. Models that better coordinate task switching and dependency tracking tend to achieve stronger performance on AsyncTool.Our analysis identifies the main failure modes of current tool agents and provides practical guidelines for designing future systems with stronger temporal reasoning and coordination capabilities.

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as an effective approach for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Despite its efficacy, RLVR faces a meta-learning bottleneck: it lacks mechanisms for error attribution and experience internalization intrinsic to the human learning cycle beyond practice and verification, thereby limiting fine-grained credit assignment and reusable knowledge formation. We term such reusable knowledge representations derived from past errors as meta-experience. Based on this insight, we propose **M**eta-**E**xperience **L**earning (**MEL**), a novel framework that incorporates self-distilled meta-experience into the model’s parametric memory. Building upon standard RLVR, we introduce an additional design that leverages the LLM’s self-verification capability to conduct contrastive analysis on paired correct and incorrect trajectories, identify the precise bifurcation points where reasoning errors arise, and summarize them into generalizable meta-experience. The meta-experience is further internalized into the LLM’s parametric memory by minimizing the negative log-likelihood, which induces a language-modeled reward signal that bridges correct and incorrect reasoning trajectories and facilitates effective knowledge reuse. Experimental results demonstrate that MEL achieves consistent improvements on benchmarks, yielding 3.92%–4.73% Pass@1 gains across varying model sizes.