Leon Strelkov
Author directory2026
Forcing a Letter Suppresses Refusal: Mechanistic Evidence from WMDP
Anna Antipova | Stepan Epifantsev | Oleg Chernikov | Leon Strelkov | Alexey Dontsov
Proceedings of the 9th BlackboxNLP Workshop: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP
Anna Antipova | Stepan Epifantsev | Oleg Chernikov | Leon Strelkov | Alexey Dontsov
Proceedings of the 9th BlackboxNLP Workshop: Analyzing and Interpreting Neural Networks for NLP
Safety benchmarks for large language models (LLMs) commonly use multiple-choice question (MCQ) format. However, prior studies documented that MCQ format reduces refusal rates, which may significantly affect the safety behavior of the model. We provide a first mechanistic explanation of this effect on the Weapons of Mass Destruction Proxy (WMDP) dataset across two models – Llama-3.1-8B and Qwen3-8B. First, we use the tuned lens technique to show that when processing MCQ the model commits to an answer-letter token very quickly, which is in contrast to the gradual refusal build-up in open-ended formats. Additionally, we observe that activations on the MCQ format lie roughly 3× further from the refusal direction, compared with their open-ended counterparts. Moreover, ablating the attention heads that carry the MCQ format answer increases the refusal, which is a direct evidence that the MCQ answer-selection competes with refusal. These findings indicate that MCQ safety scores primarily measure knowledge capabilities and do not assess the safety-mechanisms.