Minkyu Kim
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2026
Not Safe for All: Auditing the Dialect Penalty in Text-to-Image Safety Pipelines
Minkyu Kim | Juhwan Choi | YoungBin Kim
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2026
Minkyu Kim | Juhwan Choi | YoungBin Kim
Findings of the Association for Computational Linguistics: EMNLP 2026
Text-to-image (T2I) safety guardrails fail to generalize equitably to non-standard dialects. Evaluating 23,080 paired prompts across five English dialects, we formalize this failure as the dialect penalty, where filters trigger based on linguistic surface features rather than semantic intent. Text-level filters fail in opposing directions: NSFW-T over-flags benign dialect prompts and LatentGuard over-flags toxic ones (bias gaps up to +28.29 pp), while the OpenAI Moderation API under-detects them. A controlled typo ablation confirms this penalty originates from flagging dialectal features, not generic out-of-distribution sensitivity. The pixel-level generator is largely dialect-agnostic; the penalty enters at text processing and cascades unevenly to post-hoc guardrails. We show this bias tracks training data imbalance and is mitigable via group-balanced retraining, with an ablation attributing the gain to balanced exposure rather than to the worst-group objective of GroupDRO (group distributionally robust optimization). Current pipelines systematically fail dialect speakers, an equity failure masked by mean accuracy benchmarks. Our official code and dataset are publicly available at https://github.com/minguinho26/dialect-penalty-t2i.
Content Warning: This paper contains offensive, toxic, or disturbing text prompts and generated images.
Content Warning: This paper contains offensive, toxic, or disturbing text prompts and generated images.
Locality-Aware Redundancy Pruning for LLM Depth Compression
Vincent-Daniel Yun | Youngrae Kim | Woosang Lim | YoungJin Heo | Minkyu Kim | Sunwoo Lee
Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Vincent-Daniel Yun | Youngrae Kim | Woosang Lim | YoungJin Heo | Minkyu Kim | Sunwoo Lee
Proceedings of the 2026 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing
Large language models are known to contain representational redundancy across network depth, making depth pruning an effective approach for improving inference efficiency. Existing one-shot pruning methods rely on local layer importance or fixed redundancy assumptions across architectures. We propose Locality-Aware Redundancy Pruning (LoRP), a training-free one-shot depth pruning framework guided by representation locality. We show that inter-layer redundancy can be either localized or globally distributed depending on the LLM architecture. To characterize this phenomenon, we introduce Representation Locality Score (RLS), derived from global inter-layer hidden-state similarity. Using a small calibration set, LoRP computes pairwise layer similarity, clusters layers by representational similarity, and allocates pruning according to residual intra-cluster redundancy. Experiments across diverse LLM families show improvements in both perplexity and downstream task accuracy.