Identifying languages written in Devanagari script, including Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Bhojpuri, and Sanskrit, is essential in multilingual contexts but challenging due to the high overlap between these languages. To address this, a shared task on “Devanagari Script Language Identification” has been organized, with a dataset available for subtask A to test language identification models. This paper introduces an ensemble-based approach that combines mBERT, XLM-R, and IndicBERT models through majority voting to improve language identification accuracy across these languages. Our ensemble model has achieved an impressive accuracy of 99.68%, outperforming individual models by capturing a broader range of language features and reducing model biases that often arise from closely related linguistic patterns. Additionally, we have fine-tuned other transformer models as part of a comparative analysis, providing further validation of the ensemble’s effectiveness. The results highlight the ensemble model’s ability in distinguishing similar languages within the Devanagari script, offering a promising approach for accurate language identification in complex multilingual contexts.

Abusive comment detection in low-resource languages is a challenging task particularly when addressing gender-based abuse. Identifying abusive language targeting women is crucial for effective content moderation and fostering safer online spaces. A shared task on abusive comment detection in Tamil text organized by DravidianLangTech@NAACL 2025 allowed us to address this challenge using a curated dataset. For this task, we experimented with various machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) models including Logistic Regression, Random Forest, SVM, CNN, LSTM, BiLSTMand transformer-based models such as mBERT, IndicBERT, XLMRoBERTa and many more. The dataset comprised of Tamil YouTube comments annotated with binary labels, Abusive and NonAbusive capturing explicit abuse, implicit biases and stereotypes. Our experiments demonstrated that XLM-RoBERTa achieved the highest macro F1-score(0.80), highlighting its effectiveness in handling Tamil text. This research contributes to advancing abusive language detection and natural language processing in lowresource languages particularly for addressing gender-based abuse online.

Memes, combining visual and textual elements, have emerged as a prominent medium for both expression and the spread of harmful ideologies, including misogyny. To address this issue in Chinese online content, we present a multimodal framework for misogyny meme detection as part of the LT-EDI@LDK 2025 Shared Task. Our study investigates a range of machine learning (ML) methods such as Logistic Regression, Support Vector Machines, and Random Forests, as well as deep learning (DL) architectures including CNNs and hybrid models like BiLSTM-CNN and CNN-GRU for extracting textual features. On the transformer side, we explored multiple pretrained models including mBERT, MuRIL, and BERT- base-chinese to capture nuanced language representations. These textual models were fused with visual features extracted from pretrained ResNet50 and DenseNet121 architectures using both early and decision-level fusion strategies. Among all evaluated configurations, the BERT-base-chinese + ResNet50 early fusion model achieved the best overall performance, with a macro F1-score of 0.8541, ranking 4th in the shared task. These findings underscore the effectiveness of combining pretrained vision and language models for tackling multimodal hate speech detection.

Hate speech on social media is an evolving problem, particularly in low-resource languages like Tamil, where traditional hate speech detection approaches remain under developed. In this work, we provide a focused solution for cast and migration-based hate speech detection using Tamil-BERT, a Tamil-specialized pre-trained transformer model. One of the key challenges in hate speech detection is the severe class imbalance in the dataset, with hate speech being the minority class. We solve this using focal loss, a loss function that gives more importance to harder-to-classify examples, improving the performance of the model in detecting minority classes. We train our model on a publicly available labeled dataset of Tamil text as hate and non-hate speech. Under strict evaluation, our approach achieves impressive results, outperforming baseline models by a considerable margin. The model achieves an F1 score of 0.8634 and good precision, recall, and accuracy, making it a robust solution for hate speech detection in Tamil. The results show that fine-tuning transformer-based models like Tamil-BERT, coupled with techniques like focal loss, can substantially improve performance in hate speech detection for low-resource languages. This work is a contribution to this growing amount of research and provides insights on how to tackle class imbalance for NLP tasks.

Misogynistic content in memes on social me dia platforms poses a significant challenge for content moderation, particularly in languages like Chinese, where cultural nuances and multi modal elements complicate detection. Address ing this issue is critical for creating safer online environments, A shared task on multimodal misogyny identification in Chinese memes, or ganized by LT-EDI@LDK 2025, provided a curated dataset for this purpose. Since memes mix pictures and words, we used two smart tools: ResNet-50 to understand the images and Chinese RoBERTa to make sense of the text. The data set consisted of Chinese social media memes annotated with binary labels (Misogynistic and Non-Misogynistic), capturing explicit misogyny, implicit biases, and stereo types. Our experiments demonstrated that ResNet-50 combined with Chinese RoBERTa achieved a macro F1 score of 0.91, placing second in the competition and underscoring its effectiveness in handling the complex interplay of text and visuals in Chinese memes. This research advances multimodal misogyny detection and contributes to natural language and vision processing for low-resource languages, particularly in combating gender-based abuse online.

The escalating impact of climate change on our environment and lives has spurred a global surge in climate change activism. However, the misuse of social media platforms like Twitter has opened the door to the spread of hatred against activism, targeting individuals, organizations, or entire communities. Also, the identification of the stance in a tweet holds paramount significance, especially in the context of understanding the success of activism. So, to address the challenge of detecting such hate tweets, identifying their targets, and classifying stances from tweets, this shared task introduced three sub-tasks, each aiming to address exactly one mentioned issue. We participated in all three sub-tasks and in this paper, we showed a comparative analysis between the different machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), hybrid, and transformer models. Our approach involved proper hyper-parameter tuning of models and effectively handling class imbalance datasets through data oversampling. Notably, our fine-tuned m-BERT achieved a macro-average $f1$ score of 0.91 in sub-task A (Hate Speech Detection) and 0.74 in sub-task B (Target Identification). On the other hand, Climate-BERT achieved a $f1$ score of 0.67 in sub-task C. These scores positioned us at the forefront, securing 1st, 6th, and 15th ranks in the respective sub-tasks. The detailed implementation information for the tasks is available in the GitHub.