Namjun Lee

Author directory

2026

Retrieval-Augmented Generation enhances Large Language Models by grounding responses in external knowledge, but multi-hop reasoning remains vulnerable to error propagation, where early retrieval failures confound subsequent steps. Standard outcome-based optimization only rewards the final answer, leaving intermediate retrieval and reasoning errors undetected. While existing process-based methods introduce step-level signals, they still score each step against the final answer, rewarding spurious successes where flawed retrieval coincidentally produces the correct answer. Step-level supervision in RAG requires evaluating both logical validity and evidential grounding at each step. We introduce PRO-STEP: we train a generative PRM that evaluates both dimensions, employ PRM-guided value tree search to construct preference pairs contrasting valid steps against flawed ones, and optimize the policy via step-level Direct Preference Optimization. Experiments on single- and multi-hop QA datasets demonstrate that PRO-STEP mitigates error propagation and outperforms existing outcome- and process-based RAG baselines.